Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Question 1

2 basic patterns of activity.

Answer 1

Alpha activity
Beta activity

Question 2

Consists of regular, medium-frequency waves
of 8–12 Hz; the brain produces this activity when a person is resting quietly.

Answer 2

Alpha activity

Question 3

Consists of irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13–30 Hz; this activity shows desynchrony; it reflects the fact that many
different neural circuits in the brain are actively processing information.

Answer 3

Beta activity

Question 4

Occurs when a person is alert and attentive to events in the environment or is thinking actively.

Answer 4

Desynchronized activity

Question 5

Indicates that the firing of neurons in the neocortex is becoming more synchronized; this stage is actually a transition between sleep and wakefulness.

Answer 5

Theta activity

Question 6

Short bursts of waves of 12–14 Hz that occur between two and five times a minute during stages 1–3 of sleep; play a role in consolidation of memories, and increased numbers of sleep spindles are correlated with increased scores on tests of intelligence.

Answer 6

Sleep spindles

Question 7

Sudden, sharp waveforms, which are usually found only during stage 2 sleep.

Answer 7

K complexes

Question 8

Muscle contractions followed by relaxation.

Answer 8

Hypnic jerks

Question 9

The EEG during this stage is generally irregular but contains periods of theta activity, sleep spindles, and K complexes.

Answer 9

Stage 2 sleep

Question 10

Stages of sleep.

Answer 10

Waking
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
REM

Question 11

Deepest stage of sleep; only loud noises will cause a person to awaken, and when awakened, the person acts groggy and confused.

Answer 11

Slow-wave sleep (stage 3)

Question 12

A time of intense physiological activity; during this stage of sleep, a person might not react to most noises, but he or she is easily aroused by meaningful stimuli, such as the sound of his or her name; when awakened, a person appears alert and attentive.

Answer 12

REM sleep

Question 13

An awareness that they are dreaming and are not awake.

Answer 13

Lucid dreaming

Question 14

An inherited neurological disorder which results in damage to portions of the thalamus; symptoms include deficits in attention and memory, followed by a dreamlike, confused state; loss of control of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system; increased body temperature; and insomnia.

Answer 14

Fatal familial insomnia

Question 15

Suggests that there is a need for a certain amount of REM sleep—that REM sleep is controlled by a regulatory mechanism.

Answer 15

Rebound phenomenon

Question 16

Is released when neurons use glycogen, and it serves as the link between increased brain metabolism and the necessity of sleep.

Answer 16

Adenosine

Question 17

Neurotransmitters/neuropeptides that contribute in regulating arousal.

Answer 17

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Orexin

Question 18

A term that refers to reactions to stressful events in the environment (danger, lack of water, and so on) that serve to override homeostatic control.

Answer 18

Allostatic control

Question 19

Tend to restrict our period of sleep to a particular portion of the day/night cycle.

Answer 19

Circadian factors

Question 20

Cells that suppress REM.

Answer 20

REM-off

Question 21

Stimulation of this region with infusions of glutamate agonists elicits most of the elements of REM sleep, whereas inhibition of this region with GABA agonists disrupts REM sleep.

Answer 21

REM-ON

Question 22

Stimulation of this region suppresses REM sleep, whereas damage to this region or infusions of GABA agonists dramatically increases REM sleep.

Answer 22

REM-OFF

Question 23

Characterized as difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.

Answer 23

Primary insomnia

Question 24

An inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition, such as pain, substance use, or a psychological or neurological condition.

Answer 24

Secondary insomnia

Question 25

A return and increase in insomnia.

Answer 25

Rebound insomnia

Question 26

A particular form of insomnia which is caused by an inability to sleep and breathe at the same time; fall asleep and then cease to breathe.

Answer 26

Sleep apnea

Question 27

A neurological disorder characterized by sleep (or some of its components) at inappropriate times.

Answer 27

Narcolepsy

Question 28

An overwhelming urge to sleep that can happen at any time but occurs most often under monotonous, boring conditions; lasts for 2–5 minutes; the person usually wakes up feeling refreshed; primary symptom of narcolepsy.

Answer 28

Sleep attack

Question 29

Most striking symptom of narcolepsy; a person will sustain varying amounts of muscle weakness.

Answer 29

Cataplexy

Question 30

An inability to move just before the onset of sleep or on waking in the morning; a symptom of narcolepsy.

Answer 30

Sleep paralysis

Question 31

Episodes where the person dreams while lying awake, paralyzed.

Answer 31

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 32

The behavior of people with this disorder corresponds with the contents of their dreams in REM.

Answer 32

REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 33

People with histories of eating during the night while they were asleep.

Answer 33

Sleep-related eating disorder

Question 34

A cycle of daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes that are found throughout the plant and animal world.

Answer 34

Circadian rhythms

Question 35

What light serves as, which synchronizes the endogenous rhythm.

Answer 35

Zeitgeber

Question 36

A specific region of the hypothalamus that receives light information from the environment and uses it to entrain behaviors to a 24-hour light/dark cycle.

Answer 36

Suprochiasmatic nucleus

Question 37

Photochemical responsible for providing information about the ambient level of light that synchronizes circadian rhythms.

Answer 37

Melanopsin.

Question 38

This syndrome causes a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles.

Answer 38

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Question 39

This syndrome consists of a 4-hour delay in sleep/waking rhythms.

Answer 39

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Question 40

A part of the brain that is involved in the control of seasonal rhythms; secretes a hormone called melatonin.

Answer 40

Pineal gland

Question 41

Its insistent urge forces us to seek out a quiet, warm, comfortable place; lie down; and remain there for several hours (a behavior).

Answer 41

Sleep

Question 42

Electrodes to the scalp to monitor the brain’s activity with an electroencephalogram (EEG), and to the face to monitor muscle activity is recorded as?

Answer 42

Electromyogram (EMG)

Question 43

Electrodes attached around the eyes monitor eye movements is recorded as?

Answer 43

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Question 44

Two major categories of long-term memory.

Answer 44

Declarative memory (explicit) Nondeclarative memory (implicit)

Question 45

Include those that people can talk about, such as memories of past episodes in their lives; also include memories of the relationships between stimuli or events, such as the spatial relationships between landmarks that permit us to navigate around our environment.

Answer 45

Declarative memory

Question 46

Include those gained through experience and practice that do not necessarily involve an attempt to “memorize” information, such as learning to drive a car, throwing, and catching a ball, or recognizing a person’s face.

Answer 46

Nondeclarative memory (implicit)

Question 47

Maintains the balance of sleep/wake at an optimal level.

Answer 47

Homeostatic control of sleep

Question 48

Serves as the REM-ON region.

Answer 48

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

Question 49

Serves as the REM-OFF region.

Answer 49

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray region (vlPAG)

Question 50

Include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), progressive relaxation techniques, and changes in sleep hygiene.

Answer 50

Nonpharmacological interventions

Question 51

A temporary phenomenon; after several days, people who have crossed several time zones find it easier to fall asleep at the appropriate time, and their daytime alertness improves.

Answer 51

Jet lag