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Physiology of Behaviour > Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

2 basic patterns of activity.

A

Alpha activity
Beta activity

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2
Q

Consists of regular, medium-frequency waves
of 8–12 Hz; the brain produces this activity when a person is resting quietly.

A

Alpha activity

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3
Q

Consists of irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13–30 Hz; this activity shows desynchrony; it reflects the fact that many
different neural circuits in the brain are actively processing information.

A

Beta activity

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4
Q

Occurs when a person is alert and attentive to events in the environment or is thinking actively.

A

Desynchronized activity

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5
Q

Indicates that the firing of neurons in the neocortex is becoming more synchronized; this stage is actually a transition between sleep and wakefulness.

A

Theta activity

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6
Q

Short bursts of waves of 12–14 Hz that occur between two and five times a minute during stages 1–3 of sleep; play a role in consolidation of memories, and increased numbers of sleep spindles are correlated with increased scores on tests of intelligence.

A

Sleep spindles

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7
Q

Sudden, sharp waveforms, which are usually found only during stage 2 sleep.

A

K complexes

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8
Q

Muscle contractions followed by relaxation.

A

Hypnic jerks

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9
Q

The EEG during this stage is generally irregular but contains periods of theta activity, sleep spindles, and K complexes.

A

Stage 2 sleep

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10
Q

Stages of sleep.

A

Waking
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
REM

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11
Q

Deepest stage of sleep; only loud noises will cause a person to awaken, and when awakened, the person acts groggy and confused.

A

Slow-wave sleep (stage 3)

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12
Q

A time of intense physiological activity; during this stage of sleep, a person might not react to most noises, but he or she is easily aroused by meaningful stimuli, such as the sound of his or her name; when awakened, a person appears alert and attentive.

A

REM sleep

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13
Q

An awareness that they are dreaming and are not awake.

A

Lucid dreaming

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14
Q

An inherited neurological disorder which results in damage to portions of the thalamus; symptoms include deficits in attention and memory, followed by a dreamlike, confused state; loss of control of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system; increased body temperature; and insomnia.

A

Fatal familial insomnia

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15
Q

Suggests that there is a need for a certain amount of REM sleep—that REM sleep is controlled by a regulatory mechanism.

A

Rebound phenomenon

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16
Q

Is released when neurons use glycogen, and it serves as the link between increased brain metabolism and the necessity of sleep.

A

Adenosine

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters/neuropeptides that contribute in regulating arousal.

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Orexin

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18
Q

A term that refers to reactions to stressful events in the environment (danger, lack of water, and so on) that serve to override homeostatic control.

A

Allostatic control

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19
Q

Tend to restrict our period of sleep to a particular portion of the day/night cycle.

A

Circadian factors

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20
Q

Cells that suppress REM.

A

REM-off

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21
Q

Stimulation of this region with infusions of glutamate agonists elicits most of the elements of REM sleep, whereas inhibition of this region with GABA agonists disrupts REM sleep.

A

REM-ON

22
Q

Stimulation of this region suppresses REM sleep, whereas damage to this region or infusions of GABA agonists dramatically increases REM sleep.

A

REM-OFF

23
Q

Characterized as difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.

A

Primary insomnia

24
Q

An inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition, such as pain, substance use, or a psychological or neurological condition.

A

Secondary insomnia

25
Q

A return and increase in insomnia.

A

Rebound insomnia

26
Q

A particular form of insomnia which is caused
by an inability to sleep and breathe at the same time; fall asleep and then cease to breathe.

A

Sleep apnea

27
Q

A neurological disorder characterized by sleep
(or some of its components) at inappropriate times.

A

Narcolepsy

28
Q

An overwhelming urge to sleep that can happen at any time but occurs most often under monotonous, boring conditions; lasts for 2–5 minutes; the person usually wakes up feeling refreshed; primary symptom of narcolepsy.

A

Sleep attack

29
Q

Most striking symptom of narcolepsy; a person will sustain varying amounts of muscle weakness.

A

Cataplexy

30
Q

An inability to move just before the onset of sleep or on waking in the morning; a symptom of narcolepsy.

A

Sleep paralysis

31
Q

Episodes where the person dreams while lying awake, paralyzed.

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations

32
Q

The behavior of people with this disorder corresponds with the contents of their dreams in REM.

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

33
Q

People with histories of eating during the night while they were asleep.

A

Sleep-related eating disorder

34
Q

A cycle of daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes that are found throughout the plant and animal world.

A

Circadian rhythms

35
Q

What light serves as, which synchronizes the endogenous rhythm.

A

Zeitgeber

36
Q

A specific region of the hypothalamus that receives light information from the environment and uses it to entrain behaviors to a 24-hour light/dark cycle.

A

Suprochiasmatic nucleus

37
Q

Photochemical responsible for providing information about the ambient level of light that synchronizes circadian rhythms.

A

Melanopsin.

38
Q

This syndrome causes a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles.

A

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

39
Q

This syndrome consists of a 4-hour delay in sleep/waking rhythms.

A

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

40
Q

A part of the brain that is involved in the control of seasonal rhythms; secretes a hormone called melatonin.

A

Pineal gland

41
Q

Its insistent urge forces us to seek out a quiet, warm, comfortable place; lie down; and remain there for several hours (a behavior).

A

Sleep

42
Q

Electrodes to the scalp to monitor the brain’s
activity with an electroencephalogram (EEG), and to the face to monitor muscle activity is recorded as?

A

Electromyogram (EMG)

43
Q

Electrodes attached around the eyes monitor eye movements is recorded as?

A

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

44
Q

Two major categories of long-term memory.

A

Declarative memory (explicit)
Nondeclarative memory (implicit)

45
Q

Include those that people can talk about, such as memories of past episodes in their lives; also include memories of the relationships between stimuli or events, such as the spatial relationships between landmarks that permit us to navigate around our environment.

A

Declarative memory

46
Q

Include those gained through experience and practice that do not necessarily involve an attempt to “memorize” information, such as learning to drive a car, throwing, and catching a ball, or recognizing a person’s face.

A

Nondeclarative memory (implicit)

47
Q

Maintains the balance of sleep/wake at an optimal level.

A

Homeostatic control of sleep

48
Q

Serves as the REM-ON region.

A

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

49
Q

Serves as the REM-OFF region.

A

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray region (vlPAG)

50
Q

Include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), progressive relaxation techniques, and changes in sleep hygiene.

A

Nonpharmacological interventions

51
Q

A temporary phenomenon; after several days, people who have crossed several time zones find it easier to fall asleep at the appropriate
time, and their daytime alertness improves.

A

Jet lag

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

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