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physiology of behaviour > Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions to protect the brain by distributing its weight and absorbing shock.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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2
Q

An imaginary line drawn through the length of the central nervous system, from the lower end of the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.

A

Neuraxis

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3
Q

Terms that means front.

A

Anterior/ Ventral

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4
Q

Term that means back.

A

Posterior/ Dorsal

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5
Q

Terms means toward the nose.

A

Rostral

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6
Q

Term means toward the tail.

A

Caudal

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7
Q

Terms means above.

A

Superior

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8
Q

Term means below.

A

Inferior

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9
Q

Term means to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body.

A

Lateral

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10
Q

Term means toward the middle or center.

A

Medial

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11
Q

Refers to structures on the same side of the body.

A

Ipsilateral

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12
Q

Refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.

A

Contralateral

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13
Q

A cut from the top to the bottom of the body, dividing it into left and right portions.

A

Saggital plane

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14
Q

A cross-sectional part that is achieved by cutting the body or any part of the body structure, in a horizontal plane.

A

Transverse plane

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15
Q

A section representing an object as cut horizontally through its center.

A

Horizontal plane

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16
Q

Divide the right and left sides of the brain into two equal parts.

A

Midsagittal plane

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17
Q

The protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meninges

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18
Q

3 layers of meninges.

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater

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19
Q

Outer layer that is durable,
thick, tough, and flexible but unstretchable.

A

Dura mater

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20
Q

Middle layer that is soft and spongy,
lies beneath the dura mater.

A

Arachnoid membrane

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21
Q

Inner layer of meninges.

A

Pia mater

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22
Q

A gap between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane; filled with CSF.

A

Subarachnoid space

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23
Q

A series of hollow, interconnected chambers which are filled with CSF.

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

Largest chambers which are connected to the third ventricle.

A

Lateral ventricles

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25
Q

Located at the midline of the brain; its walls divide the surrounding part of the brain into symmetrical halves.

A

Third ventricle

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26
Q

A bridge of neural tissue that crosses through the middle of the third ventricle and serves as a convenient reference point.

A

Massa intermedia

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27
Q

A long tube that connects the third ventricle to
the fourth ventricle.

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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28
Q

Special tissue with an especially rich blood supply.

A

Choroid plexus

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29
Q

Pouch-shaped structures protrude into the superior sagittal sinus.

A

Arachnoid granulations

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30
Q

A blood vessel that drains into the veins serving the brain.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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31
Q

A condition that is produced when the walls
of the ventricles then expand.

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus

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32
Q

Outer layer of the embryo; begins to develop at approximately embryonic day 18.

A

Ectoderm

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33
Q

A tube that is formed when ridges touch each other and fuse together which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Neural tube

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34
Q

Surrounds the cerebral hemispheres, approximately 3 mm thick.

A

Cerebral cortex

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35
Q

Stem cells that give rise to the cells of the brain.

A

Progenitor cells

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36
Q

Located just outside the wall of the neural tube.

A

Ventricular Zone (VZ)

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37
Q

Established when some progenitor cells migrate a short distance away from the ventricular zone, where they continue to divide into more progenitor cells.

A

Subventricular Zone (SVZ)

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38
Q

A period that begins seven weeks after conception; a phase where progenitor cells form two different kinds of cells as they divide: another progenitor cell and a brain cell.

A

Asymmetrical division

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39
Q

A phase where the division of each progenitor cell produces two new progenitor cells.

A

Symmetrical division

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40
Q

First brain cells produced through asymmetrical
division; end in cuplike feet that attach to the pia mater.

A

Radial glia

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41
Q

Occurs when the progenitor cells receive a
chemical signal that causes them to die.

A

Apoptosis

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42
Q

Develops from the rostral end of the neural tube.

A

Forebrain

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43
Q

2 major components of forebrain.

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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44
Q

Includes most of the two symmetrical cerebral hemispheres that make up the cerebrum.

A

Telecephalon

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45
Q

Those located deep within the brain, beneath the cerebral cortex.

A

Subcortical regions

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46
Q

Convolutions in cerebral cortex.

A

Sulci (small grooves)
Fissures (large grooves)
Gyri (bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures)

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47
Q

4 areas of cerebral cortex.

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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48
Q

Area that includes everything in front of
the central sulcus.

A

Frontal lobe

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49
Q

Area that is located on the side of the cerebral hemisphere, just behind the central sulcus, caudal to the frontal lobe.

A

Parietal lobe

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50
Q

Area that juts forward from the base of the brain, ventral to the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

Temporal lobe

51
Q

Area that lies at the very back of the brain, caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes.

A

Occipital lobe

52
Q

Receives visual information; located in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, on the inner surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres—
primarily on the upper and lower banks of the calcarine fissure.

A

Striate cortex/ Primary visual cortex

53
Q

Receives auditory information, is located in the temporal lobes, on the lower surface of a deep fissure in the side of the brain—the lateral
fissure.

A

Primary auditory cortex

54
Q

The lower surface of a deep fissure in the side of the brain.

A

Lateral fissure

55
Q

Receives information from the body senses; a vertical strip of cortex just caudal to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

56
Q

Normally hidden from view by the frontal and temporal lobes.

A

Insular cortex

57
Q

Provides an important dividing line between the rostral and caudal regions of the cerebral cortex.

A

Central sulcus

58
Q

Adjacent regions where each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information.

A

Sensory association cortex

59
Q

The region of the cerebral cortex that is most
directly involved in the control of movement; located just in front of the primary somatosensory cortex.

A

Primary motor cortex

60
Q

Located just rostral to the primary motor
cortex; controls the primary motor cortex; thus, it
directly controls behavior.

A

Motor association cortex

61
Q

The rest of the frontal lobe, rostral to the
motor association cortex.

A

Prefrontal cortex

62
Q

Located primarily on one side of the brain.

A

Lateralized

63
Q

The cerebral cortex that covers most of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Neocortex

64
Q

A form of cerebral cortex that is located around the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Limbic cortex

65
Q

An important region of the limbic cortex.

A

Cingulate gyrus

66
Q

Important parts of the limbic system.

A

Limbic cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

67
Q

A bundle of axons that connects the hippocampus with other regions of the brain.

A

Fornix

68
Q

Protrusions on the base of the brain that contain parts of the hypothalamus.

A

Mammillary bodies

69
Q

A collection of nuclei below the cortex in the forebrain, which lie beneath the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles; involved in the control of movements

A

Basal ganglia

70
Q

Groups of neurons of similar shape.

A

Nuclei

71
Q

Major parts of basal ganglia.

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

72
Q

Second major division of the forebrain; situated between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon; surrounds the third ventricle.

A

Diencephalon

73
Q

2 most important structures of Diencephalon.

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

74
Q

Makes up the dorsal part of the diencephalon; situated near the middle of the cerebral hemispheres, immediately medial and caudal to the basal ganglia.

A

Thalamus

75
Q

A bridge of gray matter that connects the two lobes of thalamus.

A

Massa intermedia

76
Q

Sets of axons that arise from cell bodies located in one region of the brain and synapses on neurons located within other regions.

A

Projection fibers

77
Q

Receives information from the eye and sends axons to the primary visual cortex.

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

78
Q

Receives information from the inner ear and sends axons to the primary auditory cortex.

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

79
Q

Receives information from the cerebellum and projects it to the primary motor cortex.

A

Ventrolateral nucleus

80
Q

Lies at the base of the brain, under the thalamus; Controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and organizes behaviors related to survival of the species—the so-called four F ‘s: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.

A

Hypothalamus

81
Q

Where half of the axons in the optic nerves (from the eyes) cross from one side of the brain to the other.

A

Optic chiasm

82
Q

Specialized neurons secreted by hypothalamic hormones; located near the base of the pituitary stalk; stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones.

A

Neurosecretory cells

83
Q

These hormones include oxytocin and is produced by the hypothalamus.

A

Posterior pituitary gland

84
Q

Also called mesencephalon; surrounds
the cerebral aqueduct.

A

Midbrain

85
Q

2 major parts of midbrain.

A

Tectum
Tegmentum

86
Q

Located in the dorsal portion of the mesencephalon; principal structures are the
superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi, which appear as four bumps on the dorsal surface of the brain stem.

A

Tectum

87
Q

Includes the midbrain and the hindbrain.

A

Brain stem

88
Q

Includes the rostral end of the reticular formation, several nuclei controlling eye movements, the periaqueductal gray matter, the red nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area.

A

Tegmentum

89
Q

A large structure consisting of many nuclei.

A

Reticular formation

90
Q

Consists mostly of cell bodies of neurons that surround the cerebral aqueduct as it travels from the third to the fourth ventricle; contains neural circuits that control sequences of movements that constitute species-typical behaviors, such as fighting and mating.

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

91
Q

Important components of the motor system.

A

Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

92
Q

Contains neurons whose axons project to the caudate nucleus and putamen.

A

Substantia nigra

93
Q

A bundle of axons that arises from here constitutes one of the two major fiber systems that bring motor information from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

A

Red nucleus

94
Q

Surrounds the fourth ventricle.

A

Hindbrain

95
Q

2 major divisions of hindbrain.

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon.

96
Q

Major division that consists of the cerebellum and the pons.

A

Metencephalon

97
Q

Critical in coordinating movements; resembles a miniature version of the cerebrum.

A

Cerebellum

98
Q

Important in sleep/wake regulation; a large bulge in the brain stem that lies between the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata, immediately ventral to the cerebellum.

A

Pons

99
Q

These nuclei receive projections from the
cerebellar cortex and themselves send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

100
Q

The dorsal surface of the pons by bundles of axons where each hemisphere of the cerebellum is attached to.

A

Cerebellar penducles

101
Q

Contains one major structure, the medulla oblongata.

A

Myelencephalon

102
Q

This structure is the most caudal portion of the brain stem; its lower border is the rostral end of the spinal cord; contains part of the reticular
formation, including nuclei that control vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone.

A

Medulla oblongata

103
Q

A long, conical structure, approximately
as thick as your little finger; principal functions are to distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body (glands and muscles) and to collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain.

A

Spinal cord

104
Q

Protects the spinal cord; composed of 24 individual vertebrae of the cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), and lumbar (lower back) regions and the fused vertebrae that make up the sacral and coccygeal portions of the column (located in
the pelvic region).

A

Vertebral column

105
Q

A hole in each of the vertebrae where the spinal cord passes through.

A

Spinal foramens

106
Q

12 pair of this nerve are attached to the ventral surface of the brain.

A

Cranial nerve

107
Q

Nerve that regulates the functions of organs
in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

Vagus nerves

108
Q

Are complex structures that contain a considerable amount of neural circuitry which receive information from the olfactory receptors in the nose.

A

Olfactory bulbs

109
Q

Nerves that begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

110
Q

Incoming axons where the direction of information is inward, toward the CNS.

A

Afferent axons

111
Q

Rounded swellings of the dorsal root.

A

Dorsal root ganglia

112
Q

The axons that leave the spinal cord where the direction of information is outward, away from the CNS.

A

Efferent axons

113
Q

Receives sensory information from the sensory organs and that controls movements of the skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

114
Q

Other branch of PNS; concerned with regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

115
Q

2 anatomically separate systems of ANS.

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

116
Q

Division that is most involved in activities associated with expenditure of energy from reserves that are stored in the body.

A

Sympathetic division

117
Q

Where fibers branch off and pass into after joining the spinal nerves.

A

Sympathetic ganglia

118
Q

Formed when individual sympathetic ganglia are
connected to the neighboring ganglia above and below.

A

Sympathetic ganglion chain

119
Q

Where the axons that leave the spinal cord through the ventral root belong to.

A

Preganglion neurons

120
Q

The neurons with which sympathetic preganglionic axons form synapses with.

A

Postganglionic neurons

121
Q

A set of cells located in the center of the adrenal
gland.

A

Adrenal medulla

122
Q

Division that supports activities that are involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored
energy.

A

Parasympathetic division

123
Q

Parasympathetic division of the ANS has often been referred to as?

A

Craniosacral system

physiology of behaviour (12 decks)

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