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Physiology of Behaviour > Chapter 10: Reproductive Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Reproductive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Typically refers to the genetic or physiological characteristics of males and females.

A

Sex

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2
Q

Typically refers to the socially-influenced
identity, role, and/or behavior of an individual.

A

Gender

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3
Q

A broad term used to describe a variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics, such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs.

A

Intersex

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4
Q

This process produces cells that contain one set of each of the pairs of chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

Is determined at the time of fertilization of the ovum by the father’s sperm.

A

Genetic sex

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6
Q

Contain genes that determine whether the offspring will be genetically male or female.

A

Sex chromosomes

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7
Q

3 general categories of sex organs.

A

Gonads
Internal sex organs
external genitalia

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8
Q

Testes or ovaries; the first to
develop; produce ova or sperms, and they secrete hormones.

A

Gonads

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9
Q

This gene produces a protein that binds to the DNA of cells in the undifferentiated gonads and causes them to become testes.

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y)

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10
Q

Influence the development of a person’s sex organs and brain; effects are permanent and persist throughout the person’s life.

A

Organizational effects

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11
Q

These effects occur later in life, after the
sex organs have developed.

A

Activational effects

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12
Q

The precursor of the internal female sex organs,
which develops into the fimbriae and fallopian tubes, the uterus,and the inner two-thirds of the vagina

A

Müllerian system

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13
Q

The precursor of the internal male sex organs, which develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.

A

Wolffian system

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14
Q

2 types of hormones that the testes secretes.

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone
Androgens

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15
Q

Prevents the Müllerian (female) system from developing; therefore has a defeminizing effect.

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone

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16
Q

Stimulates the development of the Wolffian system; have a masculinizing effect.

A

Androgens

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17
Q

Two different androgens that are responsible for masculinization.

A

Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

Is secreted by the testes and gets its name from these glands.

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

Converts some of the testosterone into another androgen, known as dihydrotestosterone.

A

5α reductase

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20
Q

A condition where some people are insensitive to androgens; cause is a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of functioning androgen receptors.

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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21
Q

Has two causes: either a failure to produce anti-Müllerian hormone or the absence of receptors for this hormone; When this syndrome occurs
in genetic males, androgens have their masculinizing effect, but defeminization does not occur.

A

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

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22
Q

A condition where people have only one sex chromosome: an X chromosome.

A

Turner syndrome

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23
Q

Are influenced by organizational effects of hormones and include the gonads, internal
sex organs, and external genitalia.

A

Primary sex characteristics

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24
Q

Are influenced by the activational effects of hormones and do not appear until puberty.

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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25
Q

Stimulate the production and release of two gonadotropic hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)

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26
Q

Stimulate the gonads to produce their hormones, which are ultimately responsible for sexual maturation.

A

Gonadotropic hormones

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27
Q

2 gonadotropic hormones.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

28
Q

A peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate
nucleus of the hypothalamus; is essential for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of male and female reproductive ability.

A

Kisspeptin

29
Q

One of a class of hormones known as estrogens.

A

Estradiol

30
Q

The reproductive cycle of female primates.

A

Menstrual cycle

31
Q

The reproductive cycles of females of other species of mammals.

A

Estrous cycles

32
Q

Small spheres of epithelial cells surrounding each ovum.

A

Ovarian follicles

33
Q

The ovarian follicle ruptures, releasing the ovum.

A

Ovulation

34
Q

Entry of the penis into the female’s vagina.

A

Intromission

35
Q

Rhythmic movement of the hindquarters, causing genital friction.

A

Pelvic thrusting

36
Q

Discharge of semen.

A

Ejaculation

37
Q

Most mammals will return to copulate several times, finally showing a longer pause.

A

Refractory period

38
Q

The effect of introducing novel females.

A

Coolidge effect

39
Q

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary
gland that contracts the milk ducts and thus causes milk ejection in lactating females.

A

Oxytocin

40
Q

A receptive period in the estrous cycle.

A

Estrus

41
Q

In some rodent species, females adopt a posture that exposes her genitals to the male during a receptive period in the estrous cycle.

A

Lordosis response

42
Q

Refers to a female’s ability and willingness to copulate by displaying lordosis when a male attempts to mount her.

A

Receptivity

43
Q

Refers to a female’s interest in copulation, as shown by seeking out a male and engaging in behaviors that tend to increase his sexual interest.

A

Proceptivity

44
Q

Refers to physiological and behavioral changes in the female that affect the male.

A

Attractiveness

45
Q

Refers to the organizational effect of androgens that prevents the animal from displaying female sexual behavior in adulthood.

A

Defeminization

46
Q

Refers to the organizational effect of androgens that enables animals to engage in male sexual behavior in adulthood.

A

Behavioral masculinization

47
Q

A class of chemicals that carries messages from one animal to another.

A

Pheromones

48
Q

Transmit messages from one part of the body to another.

A

Hormones

49
Q

A sensory organ which consists of a small group of sensory receptors arranged around a pouch connected by a duct to the nasal passage.

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

50
Q

Sends axons to the medial nucleus of the amygdala; located immediately behind the olfactory bulb.

A

Accessory olfactory bulb

51
Q

When groups of female mice are housed
together, their estrous cycles slow down and eventually stop.

A

Lee-Boot effect

52
Q

If groups of females are exposed to the pheromones of a male (or of his urine), they
begin cycling again, and their cycles tend to be synchronized.

A

Whitten effect

53
Q

The acceleration of the onset of puberty in a
female rodent caused by the pheromone of a male.

A

Vandenbergh effect

54
Q

Occurs when a recently impregnated female mouse encounters a male mouse other than the one with which she mated, and the pregnancy is
aborted.

A

Bruce effect

55
Q

A chemical found in men’s sweat; increases alertness and positive mood in women but
decreases positive mood in men.

A

Androstadienone

56
Q

Activates the paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus in men but not in women.

A

Estratetraene (EST)

57
Q

Located just rostral to the hypothalamus, is the forebrain region most critical for male sexual behavior.

A

Medial preoptic area (MPA)

58
Q

A nucleus within the MPA of the rat that is three to seven times larger in males than in females.

A

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

59
Q

A disorder where the adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgens.

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

60
Q

Girls born with this disorder show typical
female genitalia at birth and do not show signs of increased androgen levels until late childhood or adolescence.

A

Non-classical CAH (NCAH)

61
Q

A developmental abnormality that results in the birth of an intersex individual who is genetically male with fully developed testes but urogenital
abnormalities, often including the lack of a penis.

A

Cloacal exstrophy

62
Q

A sexually dimorphic region of the human brain that is approximately twice as large in males as in females.

A

Uncinate nucleus

63
Q

The action of birthing an offspring.

A

Parturition

64
Q

Are the visible sex organs, including the penis and scrotum in males and the labia, clitoris, and outer part of the vagina in females.

A

External genetalia

65
Q

A peptide hormone secreted by well-nourished fat cells, provides an important signal to the brain concerning the amount of fat tissue in the
body.

A

Leptin

66
Q

A group of neurons in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord, play a critical role in triggering an ejaculation.

A

LSt cells

67
Q

The principal hormone of pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

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