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Physiology of Behaviour > Chapter 10: Reproductive Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Reproductive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Typically refers to the genetic or physiological characteristics of males and females.

A

Sex

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2
Q

Typically refers to the socially-influenced
identity, role, and/or behavior of an individual.

A

Gender

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3
Q

A broad term used to describe a variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics, such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs.

A

Intersex

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4
Q

This process produces cells that contain one set of each of the pairs of chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

Is determined at the time of fertilization of the ovum by the father’s sperm.

A

Genetic sex

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6
Q

Contain genes that determine whether the offspring will be genetically male or female.

A

Sex chromosomes

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7
Q

3 general categories of sex organs.

A

Gonads
Internal sex organs
external genitalia

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8
Q

Testes or ovaries; the first to
develop; produce ova or sperms, and they secrete hormones.

A

Gonads

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9
Q

This gene produces a protein that binds to the DNA of cells in the undifferentiated gonads and causes them to become testes.

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y)

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10
Q

Influence the development of a person’s sex organs and brain; effects are permanent and persist throughout the person’s life.

A

Organizational effects

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11
Q

These effects occur later in life, after the
sex organs have developed.

A

Activational effects

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12
Q

The precursor of the internal female sex organs,
which develops into the fimbriae and fallopian tubes, the uterus,and the inner two-thirds of the vagina

A

Müllerian system

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13
Q

The precursor of the internal male sex organs, which develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.

A

Wolffian system

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14
Q

2 types of hormones that the testes secretes.

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone
Androgens

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15
Q

Prevents the Müllerian (female) system from developing; therefore has a defeminizing effect.

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone

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16
Q

Stimulates the development of the Wolffian system; have a masculinizing effect.

A

Androgens

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17
Q

Two different androgens that are responsible for masculinization.

A

Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

Is secreted by the testes and gets its name from these glands.

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

Converts some of the testosterone into another androgen, known as dihydrotestosterone.

A

5α reductase

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20
Q

A condition where some people are insensitive to androgens; cause is a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of functioning androgen receptors.

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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21
Q

Has two causes: either a failure to produce anti-Müllerian hormone or the absence of receptors for this hormone; When this syndrome occurs
in genetic males, androgens have their masculinizing effect, but defeminization does not occur.

A

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

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22
Q

A condition where people have only one sex chromosome: an X chromosome.

A

Turner syndrome

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23
Q

Are influenced by organizational effects of hormones and include the gonads, internal
sex organs, and external genitalia.

A

Primary sex characteristics

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24
Q

Are influenced by the activational effects of hormones and do not appear until puberty.

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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25
Stimulate the production and release of two gonadotropic hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
26
Stimulate the gonads to produce their hormones, which are ultimately responsible for sexual maturation.
Gonadotropic hormones
27
2 gonadotropic hormones.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
28
A peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; is essential for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of male and female reproductive ability.
Kisspeptin
29
One of a class of hormones known as estrogens.
Estradiol
30
The reproductive cycle of female primates.
Menstrual cycle
31
The reproductive cycles of females of other species of mammals.
Estrous cycles
32
Small spheres of epithelial cells surrounding each ovum.
Ovarian follicles
33
The ovarian follicle ruptures, releasing the ovum.
Ovulation
34
Entry of the penis into the female’s vagina.
Intromission
35
Rhythmic movement of the hindquarters, causing genital friction.
Pelvic thrusting
36
Discharge of semen.
Ejaculation
37
Most mammals will return to copulate several times, finally showing a longer pause.
Refractory period
38
The effect of introducing novel females.
Coolidge effect
39
A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that contracts the milk ducts and thus causes milk ejection in lactating females.
Oxytocin
40
A receptive period in the estrous cycle.
Estrus
41
In some rodent species, females adopt a posture that exposes her genitals to the male during a receptive period in the estrous cycle.
Lordosis response
42
Refers to a female’s ability and willingness to copulate by displaying lordosis when a male attempts to mount her.
Receptivity
43
Refers to a female’s interest in copulation, as shown by seeking out a male and engaging in behaviors that tend to increase his sexual interest.
Proceptivity
44
Refers to physiological and behavioral changes in the female that affect the male.
Attractiveness
45
Refers to the organizational effect of androgens that prevents the animal from displaying female sexual behavior in adulthood.
Defeminization
46
Refers to the organizational effect of androgens that enables animals to engage in male sexual behavior in adulthood.
Behavioral masculinization
47
A class of chemicals that carries messages from one animal to another.
Pheromones
48
Transmit messages from one part of the body to another.
Hormones
49
A sensory organ which consists of a small group of sensory receptors arranged around a pouch connected by a duct to the nasal passage.
Vomeronasal organ (VNO)
50
Sends axons to the medial nucleus of the amygdala; located immediately behind the olfactory bulb.
Accessory olfactory bulb
51
When groups of female mice are housed together, their estrous cycles slow down and eventually stop.
Lee-Boot effect
52
If groups of females are exposed to the pheromones of a male (or of his urine), they begin cycling again, and their cycles tend to be synchronized.
Whitten effect
53
The acceleration of the onset of puberty in a female rodent caused by the pheromone of a male.
Vandenbergh effect
54
Occurs when a recently impregnated female mouse encounters a male mouse other than the one with which she mated, and the pregnancy is aborted.
Bruce effect
55
A chemical found in men’s sweat; increases alertness and positive mood in women but decreases positive mood in men.
Androstadienone
56
Activates the paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus in men but not in women.
Estratetraene (EST)
57
Located just rostral to the hypothalamus, is the forebrain region most critical for male sexual behavior.
Medial preoptic area (MPA)
58
A nucleus within the MPA of the rat that is three to seven times larger in males than in females.
Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
59
A disorder where the adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgens.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
60
Girls born with this disorder show typical female genitalia at birth and do not show signs of increased androgen levels until late childhood or adolescence.
Non-classical CAH (NCAH)
61
A developmental abnormality that results in the birth of an intersex individual who is genetically male with fully developed testes but urogenital abnormalities, often including the lack of a penis.
Cloacal exstrophy
62
A sexually dimorphic region of the human brain that is approximately twice as large in males as in females.
Uncinate nucleus
63
The action of birthing an offspring.
Parturition
64
Are the visible sex organs, including the penis and scrotum in males and the labia, clitoris, and outer part of the vagina in females.
External genetalia
65
A peptide hormone secreted by well-nourished fat cells, provides an important signal to the brain concerning the amount of fat tissue in the body.
Leptin
66
A group of neurons in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord, play a critical role in triggering an ejaculation.
LSt cells
67
The principal hormone of pregnancy.
Progesterone

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

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