Chapter 8: Control of Movement

Question 1

The ones that move us around and thus are responsible for our actions; most of them are attached to bones at each end and move the bones when they contract.

Answer 1

Skeletal muscles

Question 2

Strong bands of connective tissue.

Answer 2

Tendons

Question 3

Moving a limb toward the body; produced by contraction of a flexor muscle.

Answer 3

Flexion

Question 4

Opposite movement or moving a limb away from the body; produced by contraction of extensor muscles.

Answer 4

Extension

Question 4

Muscles that we use to stand up.

Answer 4

Antigravity muscles

Question 5

2 types of muscle fibers.

Answer 5

Extrafusal muscle fibers
Intrafusal muscle fibers

Question 6

Are served by axons of the alpha motor neurons; contraction of these fibers provides the muscle’s motive force.

Answer 6

Extrafusal muscle fibers

Question 7

Are specialized sensory organs that are served by two axons, one sensory and one motor; sensitive to stretch.

Answer 7

Intrafusal muscle fibers

Question 8

Its efferent axon causes the intrafusal muscle fiber to contract.

Answer 8

Gamma motor neuron

Question 9

The synapse between the terminal button of an efferent neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber.

Answer 9

Neuromuscular junction

Question 10

Located in grooves along the surface of the muscle fibers; where the terminal buttons of the
neurons synapse on.

Answer 10

Motor endplates

Question 11

When an axon fires, acetylcholine is liberated by the terminal buttons and produces a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Answer 11

Endplate potential

Question 12

Where the tendons are that the stretch receptors are also located within.

Answer 12

Golgi tendon organ

Question 13

The animal’s back is arched, and its legs are extended stiffly from its body.

Answer 13

Decerebrate rigidity

Question 14

A region of the brain stem, which greatly facilitates all stretch reflexes, especially of extensor muscles, by increasing the activity of
the gamma motor system.

Answer 14

Reticular formation

Question 15

Function to control limb movements when weight is applied or removed quickly and to maintain upright posture.

Answer 15

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

Question 16

2 regions adjacent to the primary motor cortex.

Answer 16

Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex

Question 17

Region that is located on the medial surface of
the brain, just rostral to the primary motor cortex; damage to this region disrupts the ability to execute well-learned sequences of responses in which the performance of one response serves as the signal that the next response must be made.

Answer 17

Supplementary motor area

Question 18

Region that is located primarily on the lateral surface, also just rostral to the primary motor cortex.

Answer 18

Premotor cortex

Question 19

Consists of the corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract; primarily involved in control of independent limb movements, particularly movements of
the hands and fingers.

Answer 19

Lateral group

Question 20

Consists of the vestibulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, and the ventral corticospinal tract; control more automatic movements: gross movements of
the muscles of the trunk and coordinated trunk and limb movements involved in posture and locomotion.

Answer 20

Ventromedial group

Question 21

This tract consists of axons of cortical neurons that terminate in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Answer 21

Corticospinal tract

Question 22

This tract projects to the medulla; terminates in the motor nuclei of the fifth, seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves.

Answer 22

Corticobulbar tract

Question 23

Located on the midline; receives auditory and visual information from the tectum and cutaneous and kinesthetic information from the spinal cord.

Answer 23

Vermis

Question 24

Components of basal ganglia.

Answer 24

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Question 25

The pathway in which neurons in the pre-SMA send excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus, which sends excitatory input to the GP.

Answer 25

Hyperdirect pathway

Question 26

A pathway in which neurons in GPe send inhibitory input to the subthalamic nucleus, which sends excitatory input to the GP.

Answer 26

Indirect pathway

Question 27

A pathway in which neurons in GPi send inhibitory axons to the ventral anterior and ventrolateral thalamus (VA/VL thalamus), which send excitatory projections to the motor cortex.

Answer 27

Direct pathway

Question 28

The neurons responded to either the sight or the execution of particular movements.

Answer 28

Mirror neurons

Question 29

Refers to the inability to imitate movements or produce them in response to verbal instructions or inability to demonstrate the movements that would be made in using a familiar tool or utensil.

Answer 29

Apraxia

Question 30

4 major types of apraxia.

Answer 30

Limb apraxia Constructional apraxia Oral apraxia Apraxic agraphia

Question 31

Refers to problems with movements of the arms, hands, and fingers.

Answer 31

Limb apraxia

Question 32

Refers to difficulty in drawing or constructing objects.

Answer 32

Constructional apraxia

Question 33

Refers to problems with movements of the muscles used in speech.

Answer 33

Oral apraxia

Question 34

Refers to a particular type of writing deficit.

Answer 34

Apraxic agraphia

Question 35

Form synapses with the extrafusal muscle fibers and control their contraction.

Answer 35

Alpha motor neurons

Question 36

Central region of the intrafusal muscle fibers which contains sensory organs that are sensitive to stretch applied to the muscle fiber.

Answer 36

Capsule

Question 37

Function is to modify the sensitivity of the fiber’s afferent ending to stretch.

Answer 37

Contraction

Question 38

Contain stretch receptors for tendons.

Answer 38

Golgi tendons

Question 39

Involve multiple synapses involved in more complex reflexive behavior, such as inhibiting a withdrawal reflex.

Answer 39

Polysynaptic reflexes

Question 40

A region of the brain stem, which greatly facilitates all stretch reflexes, especially of extensor muscles, by increasing the activity of the gamma motor system.

Answer 40

Caudal reticular formation

Question 41

The initial resistance when attempting passive movement of the extremities, followed by a rapid decrease in resistance.

Answer 41

Clasp-Knife reflex

Question 42

This tract originates in the red nucleus (nucleus ruber) of the midbrain; terminate on motor neurons in the spinal cord that control independent movements of the forearms and hands.

Answer 42

Rubrospinal tract

Question 43

Role is to perform sequences of learned movements.

Answer 43

Posterior SMA

Question 44

Role is to plan the elements yet to come in a series of movements.

Answer 44

SMA

Question 45

Role is to transfer of learned movement sequence to right hemisphere of SMA.

Answer 45

Left SMA

Question 46

Role is the control of spontaneous movements.

Answer 46

Pre-SMA

Question 47

Ventral to the inferior colliculus; causes a cat to make pacing movements when it is stimulated.

Answer 47

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region

Question 48

Controls repetitive movements that require accurate aiming and timing, smoothly guides movements, stops movements at the correct time/position and integrates sequences of movements.

Answer 48

Cerebellum

Question 49

Located at the caudal end of the cerebellum, receives input from the vestibular system and projects axons to the vestibular nucleus.

Answer 49

Flocculonodular Lobe

Question 50

Project the intermediate zone of cerebral cortex to the red nucleus.

Answer 50

Interposed nuclei

Question 51

Send information from the frontal association cortex and the primary motor cortex about intended movements to the lateral zone of the cerebellum.

Answer 51

Pontine nucleus

Question 52

Receive input from the motor cortex regions and also direct their output to these regions and the ventromedial pathway.

Answer 52

Basal ganglia

Question 53

Calculates the reaching movement that must be made and transmits this information to the motor association cortex.

Answer 53

Parietal Reaching Region