Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Question 1

3 primary functions of hearing or audition.

Answer 1

To detect sounds
To determine the location of their sources
To recognize the identity of these sources

Question 2

Determined by the frequency of vibration.

Answer 2

Pitch

Question 3

Cycles per second.

Answer 3

Hertz (Hz)

Question 4

A function of intensity; the degree to which the compressions and expansions of air differ from each other.

Answer 4

Loudness

Question 5

Provides information about the nature of the particular sound

Answer 5

Timbre

Question 6

Consists of a small hollow region behind the tympanic membrane.

Answer 6

Middle ear

Question 7

Bones of the middle ear which are set into vibration by the tympanic membrane.

Answer 7

Ossicles

Question 8

Connects with the tympanic membrane and transmits vibrations via the incus and stapes to the cochlea.

Answer 8

Malleus

Question 9

The structure in the ear that contains the receptors.

Answer 9

Cochlea

Question 10

The opening in the bone surrounding the
cochlea.

Answer 10

Oval window

Question 11

Greek word that Cochlea came from; means “land snail”.

Answer 11

Kokhlos

Question 12

3 sections of cochlea.

Answer 12

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

Question 13

Consists of the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane.

Answer 13

Organ of Corti

Question 14

Auditory receptor cells.

Answer 14

Hair

Question 15

A flexible membrane-covered opening; allows the fluid inside the cochlea to move back and forth.

Answer 15

Round window

Question 16

Involved in altering the mechanical characteristics of the basilar membrane and thus influencing the effects of sound vibrations on the inner hair cells.

Answer 16

Effector cells

Question 17

Elastic filaments that links adjacent cilia to each other.

Answer 17

Tip links

Question 18

Points of attachment.

Answer 18

Insertional plaques

Question 19

A bundle of axons of bipolar neurons that send auditory information to the brain.

Answer 19

Cochlear nerve

Question 20

Where the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons reside.

Answer 20

Cochlear nerve ganglion

Question 21

A group of nuclei in the medulla.

Answer 21

Superior olivary complex

Question 22

A large fiber bundle where the axons of neurons in those nuclei pass through.

Answer 22

Lateral lemniscus

Question 23

The end toward the oval window, which responds to the highest frequencies.

Answer 23

Basal end of the basilar membrane

Question 24

The end farther from the oval window,
which responds to the lowest frequencies

Answer 24

Apical end of the basilar membrane

Question 25

The relationship between cortex and basilar membrane.

Answer 25

Tonotopic representation

Question 26

Contains the primary auditory cortex; actually consists of three regions, each of which receives a separate tonotopic map of auditory information from the ventral division from the medial geniculate nucleus.

Answer 26

Core region

Question 27

First level of auditory association cortex, surrounds the primary auditory cortex, much as the extrastriate cortex surrounds the primary visual (striate) cortex

Answer 27

Belt region

Question 28

Highest level of auditory association cortex; receives information from the belt region and from the divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus that also project to the belt region.

Answer 28

Parabelt region

Question 29

2 streams of extrastriate cortex

Answer 29

Dorsal stream Ventral stream

Question 30

Ends in the parietal cortex; involved in perception of location (“where”).

Answer 30

Dorsal stream

Question 31

Ends in the inferior temporal cortex; involved in perception of form (“what”).

Answer 31

Ventral stream

Question 32

2 streams of auditory association cortex.

Answer 32

Anterior stream Posterior stream

Question 33

Begins in the anterior parabelt region; involved with analysis of complex sounds.

Answer 33

Anterior stream

Question 34

Begins in the posterior parabelt region; involved with sound localization.

Answer 34

Posterior stream

Question 35

Detects some frequencies of sound waves.

Answer 35

Place code

Question 36

Devices that are used to restore hearing in people with deafness caused by damage to the hair cells.

Answer 36

Cochlear implants

Question 37

Corresponds to the perceived pitch of the note.

Answer 37

Fundamental frequency

Question 38

Frequencies of complex tones that occur at multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Answer 38

Overtones

Question 39

The horizontal (left or right) angle of the source of the sound relative to the midline of our body.

Answer 39

Azimuth

Question 40

Refer to the simultaneous arrival, at each ear, of different portions (phases) of the oscillating sound wave.

Answer 40

Phase differences

Question 41

It responds only if it received signals simultaneously from synapses belonging to both sets of axons.

Answer 41

Coincidence detector

Question 42

Loss of the ability to perceive or produce melodic or rhythmic aspects of music.

Answer 42

Amusia

Question 43

Functions include balance, maintenance of the head in an upright position, and adjustment of eye movement to compensate for head movements.

Answer 43

Vestibular system

Question 44

Respond to the force of gravity and inform the brain about the head’s orientation.

Answer 44

Vestibular sacs

Question 45

Respond to angular acceleration—changes in the rotation of the head—but not to steady rotation.

Answer 45

Semicircular canals

Question 46

2 vestibular sacs.

Answer 46

Utricle (“little pouch”) Saccule (“little sack”)

Question 47

An enlargement that contains the organ in which the sensory receptors reside.

Answer 47

Ampulla

Question 48

A gelatinous mass which blocks part of the ampulla.

Answer 48

Cupula

Question 49

Small crystals of calcium carbonate.

Answer 49

Otoconia

Question 50

The vestibular system exerts direct control on eye movement to compensate for the sudden head movements.

Answer 50

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 51

The most studied of the somatosenses and include several submodalities commonly referred to as touch; provide information from the surface of the body

Answer 51

Cutaneous senses (skin senses)

Question 52

Provide information about location of body in space.

Answer 52

Proprioception

Question 53

Provide information about movement of body though space.

Answer 53

Kinesthesia

Question 54

Provide information from in and around internal organs.

Answer 54

Organic senses

Question 55

Smooth, hairless skin of the palms and the soles of the feet.

Answer 55

Glabrous skin

Question 56

Detection of form and roughness, especially by fingertips

Answer 56

Merkel’s disks

Question 57

Detection of static force against skin; skin stretching; proprioception.

Answer 57

Ruffini corpuscles

Question 58

Detection of edge contours; Braille-like stimuli, especially by fingertips.

Answer 58

Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 59

Detection of vibration; information from end of elongated object being held, such as tool.

Answer 59

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 60

The encapsulated receptors and some types of free nerve endings; detects stimuli that cause vibration in the skin or changes in pressure against it.

Answer 60

Mechanoreceptors

Question 61

Detectors of noxious stimuli.

Answer 61

Nociceptors

Question 62

An unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire or reflex to scratch.

Answer 62

Itch (pruritus)

Question 63

A condition of itching that sometimes accompanies pregnancy.

Answer 63

Cholestatic pruritus

Question 64

Nodules that are formed by the cut ends of the proximal portions form.

Answer 64

Neuromas

Question 65

Six qualities of taste.

Answer 65

Bitterness Sourness Sweetness Saltiness Umami Fat

Question 66

People who lack the sense of smell.

Answer 66

Anosmia

Question 67

A Japanese word that means “good taste”; refers to the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Answer 67

Umami

Question 68

An enzyme that is found in the vicinity of taste buds; ensures that fatty acid detectors are stimulated when food containing fat enters the mouth.

Answer 68

Lingual lipase

Question 69

Small protuberances of the tongue.

Answer 69

Papillae

Question 70

Located on the anterior two thirds of the tongue, contain up to eight taste buds, along with receptors for pressure, touch, and temperature.

Answer 70

Fungiform papillae

Question 71

Consist of up to eight parallel folds along each edge of the back of the tongue.

Answer 71

Foliate papillae

Question 72

Arranged in an inverted V on the posterior third of the tongue, contain approximately 250 taste buds.

Answer 72

Circumvallate papillae

Question 73

A branch of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) where the information from the anterior part of the tongue travels through.

Answer 73

Chorda tympani

Question 74

A chemical sense that helps us to identify food and avoid food that has spoiled and is unfit to eat.

Answer 74

Olfaction

Question 75

Lie at the base of the brain on the ends of the stalklike olfactory tracts.

Answer 75

Olfactory bulbs

Question 76

Does a phenomenal job of analyzing vibrations the reach our ear.

Answer 76

Auditory system

Question 77

Helps direct sound waves to the auditory receptors.

Answer 77

Anatomy of the ear

Question 78

Where sound is being funneled.

Answer 78

Pinna (external ear)