Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of Behaviour > Chapter 12: Ingestive Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Ingestive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Four essential features of regulatory mechanism.

A

System variable
Set point
Detector
Correctional mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The characteristic to be regulated.

A

System variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The optimal value of the system variable.

A

Set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Monitors the value of the system variable.

A

Detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Restores the system variable to the set point.

A

Correctional mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate the action; regulates the activity of the system.

A

Negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brain-based mechanisms that reduce hunger or thirst related to behaviors that result in adequate intake of nutrients or water.

A

Satiety mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm of cells.

A

Intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Includes the intravascular fluid, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the interstitial fluid.

A

Extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The blood plasma.

A

Intravascular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fluid that bathes our cells.

A

Interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A condition where if the blood volume falls too low, the heart can no longer pump the blood effectively; if the volume is not restored, heart failure will result.

A

Hypovolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Refers to the metering (measuring) of the volume of the blood plasma.

A

Volumetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Refers to an increase in osmotic pressure on intracellular fluid that occurs when a cell is dehydrated; refers to the fact that the detector cells are actually responding to (metering) changes in the concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds them.

A

Osmometric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Refers to a sensation that people say they have when they are dehydrated; a tendency to seek water and to ingest it.

A

Thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Occurs when the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases.

A

Osmometric thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Substances, such as salts, dissolved in a solution.

A

Solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurons whose firing rate is affected by their level of hydration.

A

Osmoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A brain region where the osmoreceptors responsible for osmometric thirst are located.

A

Lamina terminalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two specialized circumventricular organs contained in the lamina terminalis; found outside the blood-brain barrier.

A

Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)
Subfornical Organ (SFO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Occurs when the volume of the blood plasma—the intravascular volume—decreases.

A

Volumetric thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A hormone that initiates drinking and a salt appetite, causes the kidneys to conserve water and salt, and increases blood pressure.

A

Angiotensin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A small nucleus wrapped around the front of the anterior commissure; part of the lamina terminalis; receives and integrates osmometric and volumetric information.

A

Median preoptic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A fiber bundle that connects the amygdala and anterior temporal lobe.

A

Anterior commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Refers to lack of drinking caused by the damage in the lamina terminalis region.

A

Adipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Takes place while the digestive tract is empty.

A

Fasting phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Takes place while the digestive tract is full; occurs when food is present in the digestive tract.

A

Absorptive phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A complex, insoluble carbohydrate.

A

Glycogen

30
Q

A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas.

A

Insulin

31
Q

A peptide hormone that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose.

A

Glucagon

32
Q

Are complex molecules that contain glycerol (also called glycerine) combined with three fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid).

A

Triglycerides

33
Q

Protein molecules that are situated in the membrane and are similar to those
responsible for the reuptake of transmitter substances.

A

Glucose transporters

34
Q

A peptide hormone that is released from the gastrointestinal system when individuals are in the fasting phase and the digestive system is empty.

A

Ghrelin

35
Q

A fall in blood glucose level.

A

Hypoglycemia

36
Q

Deprive cells of glucose.

A

Glucoprivation

37
Q

Depriving cells of lipids.

A

Lipoprivation

38
Q

Connects the liver with the brain.

A

Vagus nerve

39
Q

Include information about the appearance, odor, taste, texture, and temperature of food.

A

Sensory factors

40
Q

A peptide hormone which causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract, injecting bile into the duodenum.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

41
Q

A drug extracted from chile peppers that destroys sensory axons in the vagus nerve.

A

Capsaicin

42
Q

Is released by the small intestine after a meal in amounts proportional to the calories that were just ingested.

A

Peptide YY 3–36 (PYY)

43
Q

A peptide hormone that is normally secreted by well nourished fat cells.

A

Leptin

44
Q

Disconnects the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord from the neural circuits of the cerebral hemispheres that normally control them.

A

Decerebration

45
Q

Peptides that stimulate hunger and decrease
metabolic rate, thus increasing and preserving the body’s energy stores.

A

Melanin-concentrating Hormone (MCH)
Orexin

46
Q

Appetite-inducing chemicals.

A

Orexigens

47
Q

A system of neurons that secrete a neurotransmitter which is an extremely potent stimulator of food intake.

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

48
Q

Where the cell bodies of most of the neurons that secrete NPY are found; located in the hypothalamus at the base of the third ventricle.

A

Arcuate nucleus

49
Q

A region of the hypothalamus where infusions of NPY affect metabolic functions, including the secretion of insulin.

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

50
Q

A potent and extremely long-lasting orexigen.

A

Agouti-related protein (AGRP)

51
Q

A peptide anorexigen that appears to play an important role in satiety; injection into the cerebral ventricles inhibits feeding, including the feeding stimulated by NPY.

A

Cocaine- and Amphetamine-regulated
Transcript (CART)

52
Q

An anorexigen that is released by CART neurons; an agonist of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); binds with the receptor and inhibits feeding.

A

α-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (α-MSH)

53
Q

Caused by genetic differences—and their effects
on development of the endocrine system and brain mechanisms that control food intake and metabolism.

A

Obesity

54
Q

People with an efficient metabolism have calories left over to deposit in the long-term nutrient reservoir, and these calories accumulate in the form of increased adipose tissue.

A

Thrifty phenotype

55
Q

People with an inefficient metabolism that can eat large meals without getting fat.

A

Spendthrift phenotype

56
Q

Designed to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten during a meal or interfere with absorption of calories from the intestines.

A

Bariatric surgery

57
Q

This procedure produces a small pouch in the upper end of the stomach; the effect is to produce a small stomach whose contents enter the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum.

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)

58
Q

A drug that interferes with the absorption of fats by the small intestine.

A

Orlistat

59
Q

Type of therapies for obesity.

A

Surgery
Drug treatment
Exercise

60
Q

A disorder where people eat too little, even to the point of starvation.

A

Anorexia nervosa

61
Q

A disorder that is characterized by a loss of control of food intake.

A

Bulimia nervosa

62
Q

A disorder that is characterized by eating
a large quantity of food in a relatively short period of time and a loss of control over eating behavior.

A

Binge-eating disorder

63
Q

Is caused by blood loss, vomiting, and diarrhea.

A

Pure volumetric thirst

64
Q

Sustains our fuel needs for several hours
between meals; supplies nutrients to the brain during brief periods of fasting (between meals).

A

Short-term reservoir

65
Q

Consists of adipose tissue; filled with fats or, more precisely, with triglycerides; supplies nutrients to the brain and body during
prolonged periods of fasting.

A

Long-term reservoir

66
Q

Apparently contains receptors that can detect the presence of nutrients.

A

Stomach

67
Q

Are activated by the entry of food into the
stomach.

A

Gastric satiety factors

68
Q

Are activated by the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum.

A

Intestinal satiety factors

69
Q

Possess nutrient detectors that convey satiety signals.

A

Intestines

70
Q

Contains neural circuits that are able to control
acceptance or rejection of sweet or bitter foods and can even be modulated by satiation or physiological hunger signals, such as a decrease
in glucose metabolism or the presence of food in the digestive system.

A

Brain stem

71
Q

A special form of gastric bypass operation, is one successful form of bariatric surgery; its effectiveness is probably due primarily to its suppression of ghrelin secretion and
stimulation of PYY secretion.

A

The RYGB procedure

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions