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Biology 20 > Chapter 9: Respiratory and Motor System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Respiratory and Motor System Flashcards

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1
Q

Breathing

A

The process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration.

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2
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

The membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water).

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3
Q

Respiration

A

All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration.

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4
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe

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5
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris.

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6
Q

Epiglottis

A

The structure that covers the glottis (opening of the trachea) during swallowing.

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7
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box.

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8
Q

Bronchi

A

The passages from the trachea to the left and right lung.

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9
Q

Bronchiole

A

The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract.

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10
Q

Alveoli

A

Sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs.

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11
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

A thin membrane surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity.

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12
Q

Diaphragm

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity.

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13
Q

Intercostal Muscle

A

A muscle that raises and lowers the rib cage.

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14
Q

External Respiration

A

Takes place in the lungs and involces the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the air and the blood.

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15
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Takes place within the body and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the blood and tissue fluids.

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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.

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17
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.

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18
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.

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19
Q

Buffer

A

A substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution.

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20
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals.

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21
Q

Bronchitis

A

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

22
Q

Emphysema

A

A respiratory disorder characterized by overinflation of the alveoli.

23
Q

Bronchial Asthma

A

A respiratory disorder characterized by reversible narrowing of the bronchial passages.

24
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

The involuntary muscle of the heart.

25
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

The involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs.

26
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

The voluntary muscle that makes bones of the skeleton move.

27
Q

Tendon

A

A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone.

28
Q

Antagonistic Muscles

A

A pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move. Ex. Tricep and bicep

29
Q

Flexor

A

The muscle that must contract to bend a joint. Ex. bicep

30
Q

Extensor

A

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint. Ex. tricep

31
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibres.

32
Q

Myofilament

A

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres.

33
Q

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibre

A

Myofilaments > Sarcolemma > Muscle Fibres > Bundles of Muscle Fibres > Skeletal Muscle

34
Q

Z Lines

A

Z lines anchor actin fibres. Determines the length of a muscle fibre.

35
Q

Myosin Filaments

A

Thicker myofilaments that account for the darker A bands in skeletal muscle fibres.

36
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Thinner myofilaments that account for the lighter I bands in the skeletal muscle fibres.

37
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

A compound in muscle cells that releases a phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells.

38
Q

Summation

A

Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli.

39
Q

Tetanus

A

The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses.

40
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Transmitter chemicals are sent into the endoplasmic reticulum of the actin myofilaments, and calcium ions are released, which bind to the sites along the actin filaments, and make connections with the crossbridges which stem from the myosin filaments.

41
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

Caused by lack of energy and build up of waste products.

Results in oxygen debt which leads to heavy breathing and lactic acid build up.

42
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres

A

Myosin fibres type I.

Break down ATP slower, but more efficiently.

43
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres

A

Myosin fibres type IIa and type IIb.

Break down ATP faster, but less efficiently.

44
Q

Arthroscopic Surgery

A

Using an arthroscope, which is a needlelike tube that is equipped with lights, a camera, and surgical tubes.

45
Q

Tidal Volume

TV

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal beath.

46
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

ERV

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

47
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

IRV

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.

48
Q

Vital Capacity

VC

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a full nhalation and is calculated from IRV, ERV, and TV.

VC = IRV, ERV, TV

49
Q

Residual Volume

RV

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.

50
Q

Total Lung Capacity

TLC

A

The amount of air that the lungs can hold.

51
Q

Inhalation

A

The intercostal muscles contract; rib cage moves upward; diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

52
Q

Exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles relax; rib cage falls; diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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