Chapter 9: Respiratory and Motor System

Question 1

Breathing

Answer 1

The process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration.

Question 2

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 2

The membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water).

Question 3

Respiration

Answer 3

All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration.

Question 4

Trachea

Answer 4

The windpipe

Question 5

Cilia

Answer 5

Tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris.

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

The structure that covers the glottis (opening of the trachea) during swallowing.

Question 7

Larynx

Answer 7

Voice box.

Question 8

Bronchi

Answer 8

The passages from the trachea to the left and right lung.

Question 9

Bronchiole

Answer 9

The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract.

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

Sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs.

Question 11

Pleural Membrane

Answer 11

A thin membrane surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity.

Question 12

Diaphragm

Answer 12

A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity.

Question 13

Intercostal Muscle

Answer 13

A muscle that raises and lowers the rib cage.

Question 14

External Respiration

Answer 14

Takes place in the lungs and involces the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the air and the blood.

Question 15

Internal Respiration

Answer 15

Takes place within the body and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the blood and tissue fluids.

Question 16

Hemoglobin

Answer 16

The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.

Question 17

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 17

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.

Question 18

Carbonic Anhydrase

Answer 18

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.

Question 19

Buffer

Answer 19

A substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution.

Question 20

Chemoreceptor

Answer 20

A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals.

Question 21

Bronchitis

Answer 21

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

Question 22

Emphysema

Answer 22

A respiratory disorder characterized by overinflation of the alveoli.

Question 23

Bronchial Asthma

Answer 23

A respiratory disorder characterized by reversible narrowing of the bronchial passages.

Question 24

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 24

The involuntary muscle of the heart.

Question 25

Smooth Muscle

Answer 25

The involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs.

Question 26

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 26

The voluntary muscle that makes bones of the skeleton move.

Question 27

Tendon

Answer 27

A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone.

Question 28

Antagonistic Muscles

Answer 28

A pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move. Ex. Tricep and bicep

Question 29

Flexor

Answer 29

The muscle that must contract to bend a joint. Ex. bicep

Question 30

Extensor

Answer 30

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint. Ex. tricep

Question 31

Sarcolemma

Answer 31

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibres.

Question 32

Myofilament

Answer 32

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres.

Question 33

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibre

Answer 33

Myofilaments > Sarcolemma > Muscle Fibres > Bundles of Muscle Fibres > Skeletal Muscle

Question 34

Z Lines

Answer 34

Z lines anchor actin fibres. Determines the length of a muscle fibre.

Question 35

Myosin Filaments

Answer 35

Thicker myofilaments that account for the darker A bands in skeletal muscle fibres.

Question 36

Actin Filaments

Answer 36

Thinner myofilaments that account for the lighter I bands in the skeletal muscle fibres.

Question 37

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 37

A compound in muscle cells that releases a phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells.

Question 38

Summation

Answer 38

Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli.

Question 39

Tetanus

Answer 39

The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses.

Question 40

Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 40

Transmitter chemicals are sent into the endoplasmic reticulum of the actin myofilaments, and calcium ions are released, which bind to the sites along the actin filaments, and make connections with the crossbridges which stem from the myosin filaments.

Question 41

Muscle Fatigue

Answer 41

Caused by lack of energy and build up of waste products. Results in oxygen debt which leads to heavy breathing and lactic acid build up.

Question 42

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres

Answer 42

Myosin fibres type I. Break down ATP slower, but more efficiently.

Question 43

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres

Answer 43

Myosin fibres type IIa and type IIb. Break down ATP faster, but less efficiently.

Question 44

Arthroscopic Surgery

Answer 44

Using an arthroscope, which is a needlelike tube that is equipped with lights, a camera, and surgical tubes.

Question 45

Tidal Volume | TV

Answer 45

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal beath.

Question 46

Expiratory Reserve Volume | ERV

Answer 46

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Question 47

Inspiratory Reserve Volume | IRV

Answer 47

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.

Question 48

Vital Capacity | VC

Answer 48

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a full nhalation and is calculated from IRV, ERV, and TV. VC = IRV, ERV, TV

Question 49

Residual Volume | RV

Answer 49

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.

Question 50

Total Lung Capacity | TLC

Answer 50

The amount of air that the lungs can hold.

Question 51

Inhalation

Answer 51

The intercostal muscles contract; rib cage moves upward; diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

Question 52

Exhalation

Answer 52

Intercostal muscles relax; rib cage falls; diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.