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Biology 20 > Chapter 10-11: Circulatory System and Blood and the Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 10-11: Circulatory System and Blood and the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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2
Q

Pulse

A

Change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions.

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium, and that is not under conscious control.

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4
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues.

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5
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues.

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall.

Can lead to chest pains and heart attacks.

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7
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity.

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8
Q

Aneurysm

A

A bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery.

Can lead to strokes.

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillaries are a single layer of cells that are responsible for the fluid

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10
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.

Possess valves that allow blood flow towards the heart, but not away.

Skeletal muscles aid by increasing blood pressure in veins.

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11
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller arteries, middle layer is composed of elastic fibres and smooth muscle.

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12
Q

Venules

A

Capillaries merge and become venules, which merge and become veins.

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13
Q

Septum

A

A wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart.

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14
Q

Pulmonary Circulatory System

A

The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Right side of the heart; deoxygenated blood leaves this side.

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15
Q

Systemic Circulatory System

A

The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The left side of the heart, using the aorta.

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16
Q

Atrium

A

A thin-walled chamber of the heart that recieves blood from veins.

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17
Q

Ventricle

A

A muscular, thick-walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries.

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18
Q

Atrioventricular Valve

A

A heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium.

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19
Q

Semilunar Valve

A

A valve that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle.

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20
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood to the tissues.

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21
Q

Coronary Artery

A

An artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients.

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22
Q

Myogenic Muscle

A

Muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation.

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23
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat.

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24
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the sinoatrial node are passed to the ventricles.

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25
Q

Purkinje Fibre

A

A nerve fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles.

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26
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress.

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27
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress.

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28
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood.

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29
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart.

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30
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute.

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31
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart.

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32
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure.

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33
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of a vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions.

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35
Q

Decreased Environmental Temperatures

A
  • constriction of blood vessels in skin
  • body hairs become erect
  • shivering
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36
Q

Increased Environmental Temperatures

A
  • Dilation of blood vessels of skin

- Sweating

37
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues; includes plasma and interstitial fluid.

38
Q

Filtration

A

The selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient.

39
Q

Decreasing Blood Pressure

A

Receptors in the aorta and carotid artery increase parasympathetic nerve impulses and decrease sympathetic nerve impulses by sending signals to the medulla oblongata.

40
Q

Increasing Blood Pressure

A

Without receptors, sympathetic nerve impulses increase blood pressure.

41
Q

Sympathetic Nerve Impulses

A

Stress.

42
Q

Parasympathetic Nerve Impulses

A

Relaxation.

43
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls.

44
Q

Lymph Node

A

A mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph.

45
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A white blood cell that produces antibodies.

46
Q

Thymus Gland

A

A lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes mature.

47
Q

Spleen

A

A lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph.

48
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood.

Contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases, and waste products of cellular functions.

49
Q

Erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen.

50
Q

Anemia

A

The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production.

51
Q

Leukocyte

A

A white blood cell.

52
Q

Platelet

A

A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting.

Thrombocyte.

53
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it.

54
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body.

55
Q

Antigen

A

A substance, usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody.

56
Q

Antibody

A

A protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen.

57
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies.

58
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Produces stem cells which rapidly divide to create all types of blood cells.

59
Q

Artificial Blood

A

Requires no blood matching.
Can be frozen for extgended periods of time.
Helps to maintain oxygen levels until bone marrow can reproduce blood that has been lost.

60
Q

Blood Group O

A 
Universal donor (possess no antigens).
Can only recieve from blood group O, posesses both A and B antibodies.
61
Q

Blood Group A

A

Can donate to blood groups A and AB (possesses A-type anitgens)
Can only recieve blood from blood groups O and A (possesses B antibodies)

62
Q

Blood Group B

A

Can donate to blood groups B and AB (possesses B-type antigens)
Can only recieve blood from blood groups O and B (possess A antibodies)

63
Q

Blood Group AB

A

Can donate blood to only AB groups. (possess both A and B type antigens)
Can recieve blood from any blood groups (does not have antibodies)

64
Q

Rhesus Factor

A

Rh- may donate to Rh+
Rh- cannot recieve blood from Rh+
Rh+ means that they have Rh antigens.

65
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by whcih a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe.

66
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic white blood cells found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver.

67
Q

Pus

A

A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes.

68
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

69
Q

Complement Protein

A

A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating.

70
Q

T Cell

A

A lymphocyte, manufactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland, that identifies and attacks foreign substances.

71
Q

B cell

A

A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies.

72
Q

Receptor Site

A

A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit.

73
Q

Helper T Cell

A

A T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens.

74
Q

Lymphokine

A

A protein produced by the T cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells.

75
Q

Killer T Cell

A

A T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes.

76
Q

Supressor T Cell

A

A T cell that turns off the immune system.

77
Q

Memory B Cell

A

A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen.

78
Q

Pluripotent Cell

A

A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cell, such as neurons or muscle cell.

Research can lead to replacing damaged tissues and organs.

79
Q

First Line of Defence

A

More physical; including cilia and skin, the pH of the skin.

Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme found in tears, mucus, perspirations.

80
Q

Second Line of Defence

A

Processes including leukocytes.

Phagocytosis, macrophages, pus, inflammatory responses.

81
Q

Third Line of Defence

A

The Immune Response

Including: 
Complement proteins
T cells
B cells
Helper T cells 
Lymphokine 
Killer T cells
Suppressor T cells 
Memory B cells
82
Q

Specific Immunity

A

An immune response that targets an infection.

83
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A

Responds to localized injuries and system-wide defence to more severe damage or infection.

Examples; cuts and fevers.

84
Q

Antibody

A

Y-shaped proteins that interupt the receptor cites of invaders.

85
Q

Allergic Reactions

A

Mistaking certain antigens for harmful antigens.

86
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Renegade mutated T and B cells attack the body.

Suppressor T cells fail to control the renegade cells.

87
Q

Causes of Autoimmune Diseases

A

Drugs, serious infections, and age weaken suppressor T cells.

88
Q

Organ Transplants

A

MHC markers have to be matched.

Immunosuppresent drugs can minimize risks of rejection.

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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