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Biology 20 > Chapter 12: Excretory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino acid group from an organic compound.

Conducted in the liver.

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2
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide.
Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide = Urea
Ammonia is the byproduct of deamination.

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3
Q

Uric Acid

A

A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids.

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4
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder.

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5
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

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6
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney.

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7
Q

Medulla

A

The area inside of the cortex.

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8
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter.

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9
Q

Nephron

A

A functional unit of the kidney.

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10
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus.

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11
Q

Glomerulus

A

The high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration.

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12
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries.

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13
Q

Peritubular Capillary

A

A member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron.

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14
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

The cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

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15
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

The section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle.

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16
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.

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17
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct.

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18
Q

Collecting Duct

A

A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis.

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19
Q

Threshold Level

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can be moved across the nephron.

The positive Na+ ions are moved through the nephron membrane by carrier molecules, and the negative ions follow, until the threshold level has been reached.

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20
Q

Location of Filtration

A

The glomerulus is the site of filtration and the filtered products exit through the bowman’s capsule.

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21
Q

Things That Undergo Filtration

A

Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, hydrogen ions, urea, plasma proteins, erythrocytes, and platelets.

22
Q

Components That Remain In The Blood

A

Plasma proteins, erythrocytes, platelets

23
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells.

24
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone that increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions and water by the kidneys.

25
Q

Active Transport in Reabsorption

A

Specific carrier molecules move Na+ ions, glucose, and amino acids out of the nephron and into the blood.

Amount of reabsorbed solutes is limited. Create an osmotic gradient that draws water out of the nephron.

26
Q

Secretion

A

The movement of substances from the blood into the nephron through active transport and carrier molecules.

27
Q

Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule

A

Filters water and dissolved solutes as blood is forced through glomerulus into bowman’s capsule by fluid pressure.

Na+, Cl-, H2O, H+, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, urea, uric acid.

28
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

Selective reabsorption of nutrients into the blood by active and passive transport.

pH control by secretion of H+, and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions HCO-3.

29
Q

Descending limb of loop of Henle

A

Permeable to water, resulting in water loss due to osmosis.

This causes a build-up of NaCl within the loop of Henle.

30
Q

Ascending Limb of loop of Henle

A

Permeable to salt, loss of salt through diffusion.
Salt eventually ends up in interstitial fluid; as it is then actively transported out of the thick segment of the interstitial fluid.

31
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Secretions of substances occur through active transport, including the regulation of K+ and NaCl.

pH is monitored through secretions of H+ and HCO3-.

32
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Urine formation

Water, salt, urea, uric acid, and minerals are transported.

33
Q

pH Balance

A

bicarbonate ions + hydrogen ions > < Carbonic acid >< water + carbon dioxide

HCO3- + H+ >< H2CO3 >< H2O + CO2

34
Q

pH Balance

A

Kidneys maintain pH balance in the blood by excreting excess H+ ions and restoring HCO3- ions to the blood.

Buffer components are restored by reversing reactions as well.

35
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Cause

A

Inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells in the pancreas.

36
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

A

Large volumes of urine

Constant thirst

37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

A

Insulin injections regulate blood glucose levels.

38
Q

Diabetes Insipidus Cause

A

Defect in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which regulates water reabsorption in the nephron.

39
Q

Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms

A

Large volumes of dilute urine.

40
Q

Nephritis Cause

A

Toxins from invading microbes destroy tiny blood vessels in the glomerulus.
Proteins enter the nephron and change the osmotic pressure, causing water to enter.

41
Q

Nephritis Symptoms

A

Inflammed nephrons.

Increased output of urine.

42
Q

Kidney Stone Cause

A

Precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood.

43
Q

Kidney Stone Symptoms

A

Pain caused by the movement of kidney stones from the renal pelvis towards the ureter and to the bladder.

44
Q

Kidney Stone Treatments

A

Surgical removal.

EXtracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) depending on the size and location of the kidney stone.

45
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Blood is pumped through a machine where waste is drawn out using concentration gradients in dialysis fluids.
Maintains electrolyte balance; removes toxins.

46
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

2L dialysis is pumped into the abdominal cavity, draws out waste products using concentration gradients, and is then drained.

Can be performed at home.

47
Q

Dialysis Drawbacks

A

Cannot produce hormones, cannot activate vitamin D, are not as efficient in regulating electrolytes and pH as a kidney.

48
Q

Kidney Transplant Drawbacks

A

Organ rejection from the immune system.

Catheter and dialysis can be required during recovery.

49
Q

Xenotransplantation Benefits

A

Solves low organ supply.

50
Q

Xenotransplantation Drawbacks

A

Potentially deadly microbes.

Higher probability of organ rejection.

51
Q

Tubules in the Nephron

A

Maintain homeostasis by returning material to the blood.

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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