Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 20 > Chapter 12: Excretory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino acid group from an organic compound.

Conducted in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide.
Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide = Urea
Ammonia is the byproduct of deamination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Uric Acid

A

A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medulla

A

The area inside of the cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nephron

A

A functional unit of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glomerulus

A

The high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peritubular Capillary

A

A member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

The cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

The section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Collecting Duct

A

A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Threshold Level

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can be moved across the nephron.

The positive Na+ ions are moved through the nephron membrane by carrier molecules, and the negative ions follow, until the threshold level has been reached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of Filtration

A

The glomerulus is the site of filtration and the filtered products exit through the bowman’s capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Things That Undergo Filtration

A

Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, hydrogen ions, urea, plasma proteins, erythrocytes, and platelets.

22
Q

Components That Remain In The Blood

A

Plasma proteins, erythrocytes, platelets

23
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells.

24
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone that increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions and water by the kidneys.

25
Active Transport in Reabsorption
Specific carrier molecules move Na+ ions, glucose, and amino acids out of the nephron and into the blood. Amount of reabsorbed solutes is limited. Create an osmotic gradient that draws water out of the nephron.
26
Secretion
The movement of substances from the blood into the nephron through active transport and carrier molecules.
27
Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
Filters water and dissolved solutes as blood is forced through glomerulus into bowman's capsule by fluid pressure. Na+, Cl-, H2O, H+, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, urea, uric acid.
28
Proximal Tubule
Selective reabsorption of nutrients into the blood by active and passive transport. pH control by secretion of H+, and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions HCO-3.
29
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Permeable to water, resulting in water loss due to osmosis. This causes a build-up of NaCl within the loop of Henle.
30
Ascending Limb of loop of Henle
Permeable to salt, loss of salt through diffusion. Salt eventually ends up in interstitial fluid; as it is then actively transported out of the thick segment of the interstitial fluid.
31
Distal Tubule
Secretions of substances occur through active transport, including the regulation of K+ and NaCl. pH is monitored through secretions of H+ and HCO3-.
32
Collecting Duct
Urine formation Water, salt, urea, uric acid, and minerals are transported.
33
pH Balance
bicarbonate ions + hydrogen ions > < Carbonic acid >< water + carbon dioxide HCO3- + H+ >< H2CO3 >< H2O + CO2
34
pH Balance
Kidneys maintain pH balance in the blood by excreting excess H+ ions and restoring HCO3- ions to the blood. Buffer components are restored by reversing reactions as well.
35
Diabetes Mellitus Cause
Inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells in the pancreas.
36
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
Large volumes of urine | Constant thirst
37
Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Insulin injections regulate blood glucose levels.
38
Diabetes Insipidus Cause
Defect in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which regulates water reabsorption in the nephron.
39
Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms
Large volumes of dilute urine.
40
Nephritis Cause
Toxins from invading microbes destroy tiny blood vessels in the glomerulus. Proteins enter the nephron and change the osmotic pressure, causing water to enter.
41
Nephritis Symptoms
Inflammed nephrons. | Increased output of urine.
42
Kidney Stone Cause
Precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood.
43
Kidney Stone Symptoms
Pain caused by the movement of kidney stones from the renal pelvis towards the ureter and to the bladder.
44
Kidney Stone Treatments
Surgical removal. | EXtracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) depending on the size and location of the kidney stone.
45
Hemodialysis
Blood is pumped through a machine where waste is drawn out using concentration gradients in dialysis fluids. Maintains electrolyte balance; removes toxins.
46
Peritoneal Dialysis
2L dialysis is pumped into the abdominal cavity, draws out waste products using concentration gradients, and is then drained. Can be performed at home.
47
Dialysis Drawbacks
Cannot produce hormones, cannot activate vitamin D, are not as efficient in regulating electrolytes and pH as a kidney.
48
Kidney Transplant Drawbacks
Organ rejection from the immune system. | Catheter and dialysis can be required during recovery.
49
Xenotransplantation Benefits
Solves low organ supply.
50
Xenotransplantation Drawbacks
Potentially deadly microbes. | Higher probability of organ rejection.
51
Tubules in the Nephron
Maintain homeostasis by returning material to the blood.

Biology 20 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions