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Biology 20 > Chapter 8: Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Ex. triose: C3H6O3, hexose: C6H12O6

Provide fast source of energy.

Digested in the small intestine.

Source: Plants

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule composed of three or more subunits.

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A single sugar unit.

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4
Q

Isomer

A

One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms.

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits through the prosess of dehydration synthesis.

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6
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules.

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water.

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8
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits.

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9
Q

Starch

A

A plant carbohydrate used to store energy.

Initial digestion begins in the mouth

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls.

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12
Q

Chemicals of Life

A
  • Vitamins and minerals
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
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13
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

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14
Q

Fat

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature. (single bond - stable - difficult to break down)

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15
Q

Oil

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature. (double bond - reactive - easier to break down)

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes.

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17
Q

Wax

A

A long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water.

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18
Q

Lipids

A

Storage of energy.
Insulation of skin and cushioning of organs
Synthesis of hormones (steroids).

Made of glycerol and fatty acids which are combined through dehydration synthesis.

Plant oils.
Animal fats.

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19
Q

Liposome

A

Double-layered sphere made of lipids.

Merge with cells and deliver their contents to the cell’s interior.

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20
Q

Protein

A

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes.

Structural components of a cell.
Enzymes.
Antibodies.

Digested in the stomach.

Plants and animals.

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21
Q

Amino Acid

A

A chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins.

Components Include:

  • hydrogen
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • R group
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22
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond that joins amino acids.

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23
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of three or more amino acids.

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24
Q

Essential Amino Acid

A

An amino acid that must be obtained from the diet.

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25
Denaturation
The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape.
26
Coagulation
The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape.
27
Catalyst
A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself.
28
Enzyme
A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures.
29
Substrate
A molecule on which an enzyme works.
30
Active Site
The area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate.
31
Cofactor
An inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule.
32
Coenzyme
An organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule.
33
Competitive Inhibitors
A molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions.
34
Feedback Inhibition
The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway.
35
Precursor Activity
The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate.
36
Allosteric Activity
A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule.
37
Amylase
An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates.
38
Peristalsis
Rythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract Starts in the esophagus.
39
Sphincter
A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tublike structure.
40
Mucus
A protective lubricating alkaline substance composed mostly of protein.
41
Pepsin
A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.
42
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of an organ.
43
Duodenum
The first segment of the small intestine.
44
Villi
Small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption.
45
Microvilli
Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane.
46
Capillary
A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange.
47
Lacteal
A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system.
48
Enterokinase
An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
49
Trypsin
A protein-digesting enzyme.
50
Erepsin
An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids.
51
Lipase
A lipid-digesting enzyme.
52
Secretin
A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.
53
Bile Salt
A component of bile that breaks down large fat globules.
54
Cholecystokinin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts.
55
Detoxify
To remove the effects of a poison.
56
Gallstone
Crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder.
57
Jaundice
The yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood.
58
Cirrhosis
Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue.
59
Colon
The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs.
60
Gastrin
A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl.
61
Enterogastrone
A hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility.
62
LDL
Low-density Lipoprotein | "bad" cholesterol which can lead to clogged arteries
63
HDL
High-density Lipoprotein "good" cholesterol which attaches itself to "bad" cholesterol and brings it back to the liver where it can be broken down
64
Trans Fats
The hydrogenation of unsaturated fats which leads to saturated fats that are difficult to break down. Increases shelf life, but makes it harder to digest.
65
Factors Affecting Enzyme Reactions
- pH - Substrate molecule concentration - temperature - competitive inhibition
66
4 Components of the Digestive Process
1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Egestion
67
Major Structures Involved in the Digestive Process
Salivary glands, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus
68
Pancreas
Production of digestive enzymes that act on food in the small intestine Storage of bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine
69
Pancreatic Secretions
Pancreatic amylase: Continues the breakdown of carbohydrates Bicarbonate ions: neutralizes the HCl from the stomach Trypsinogen: When activated to trypsin, converts long-chain peptides into short-chain peptides Lipase: Breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids
70
Liver Functions
Synthesis of bile salts and blood proteins Breakdown/Conversion of toxins and maintains blood sugar levels Storage of glycogen and vitamins Detoxification of harmful compounds

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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