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Biology 20 > Chapter 8: Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Ex. triose: C3H6O3, hexose: C6H12O6

Provide fast source of energy.

Digested in the small intestine.

Source: Plants

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule composed of three or more subunits.

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A single sugar unit.

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4
Q

Isomer

A

One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms.

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits through the prosess of dehydration synthesis.

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6
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules.

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water.

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8
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits.

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9
Q

Starch

A

A plant carbohydrate used to store energy.

Initial digestion begins in the mouth

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls.

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12
Q

Chemicals of Life

A
  • Vitamins and minerals
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
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13
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

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14
Q

Fat

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature. (single bond - stable - difficult to break down)

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15
Q

Oil

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature. (double bond - reactive - easier to break down)

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes.

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17
Q

Wax

A

A long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water.

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18
Q

Lipids

A

Storage of energy.
Insulation of skin and cushioning of organs
Synthesis of hormones (steroids).

Made of glycerol and fatty acids which are combined through dehydration synthesis.

Plant oils.
Animal fats.

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19
Q

Liposome

A

Double-layered sphere made of lipids.

Merge with cells and deliver their contents to the cell’s interior.

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20
Q

Protein

A

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes.

Structural components of a cell.
Enzymes.
Antibodies.

Digested in the stomach.

Plants and animals.

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21
Q

Amino Acid

A

A chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins.

Components Include:

  • hydrogen
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • R group
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22
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond that joins amino acids.

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23
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of three or more amino acids.

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24
Q

Essential Amino Acid

A

An amino acid that must be obtained from the diet.

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25
Q

Denaturation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape.

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26
Q

Coagulation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape.

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27
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself.

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28
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures.

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29
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule on which an enzyme works.

30
Q

Active Site

A

The area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate.

31
Q

Cofactor

A

An inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule.

32
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule.

33
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

A molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions.

34
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway.

35
Q

Precursor Activity

A

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate.

36
Q

Allosteric Activity

A

A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule.

37
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates.

38
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

Starts in the esophagus.

39
Q

Sphincter

A

A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tublike structure.

40
Q

Mucus

A

A protective lubricating alkaline substance composed mostly of protein.

41
Q

Pepsin

A

A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.

42
Q

Ulcer

A

A lesion on the surface of an organ.

43
Q

Duodenum

A

The first segment of the small intestine.

44
Q

Villi

A

Small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption.

45
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane.

46
Q

Capillary

A

A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange.

47
Q

Lacteal

A

A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system.

48
Q

Enterokinase

A

An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.

49
Q

Trypsin

A

A protein-digesting enzyme.

50
Q

Erepsin

A

An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids.

51
Q

Lipase

A

A lipid-digesting enzyme.

52
Q

Secretin

A

A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.

53
Q

Bile Salt

A

A component of bile that breaks down large fat globules.

54
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts.

55
Q

Detoxify

A

To remove the effects of a poison.

56
Q

Gallstone

A

Crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder.

57
Q

Jaundice

A

The yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood.

58
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue.

59
Q

Colon

A

The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs.

60
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl.

61
Q

Enterogastrone

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility.

62
Q

LDL

A

Low-density Lipoprotein

“bad” cholesterol which can lead to clogged arteries

63
Q

HDL

A

High-density Lipoprotein
“good” cholesterol which attaches itself to “bad” cholesterol and brings it back to the liver where it can be broken down

64
Q

Trans Fats

A

The hydrogenation of unsaturated fats which leads to saturated fats that are difficult to break down.
Increases shelf life, but makes it harder to digest.

65
Q

Factors Affecting Enzyme Reactions

A
  • pH
  • Substrate molecule concentration
  • temperature
  • competitive inhibition
66
Q

4 Components of the Digestive Process

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
67
Q

Major Structures Involved in the Digestive Process

A

Salivary glands, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus

68
Q

Pancreas

A

Production of digestive enzymes that act on food in the small intestine
Storage of bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine

69
Q

Pancreatic Secretions

A

Pancreatic amylase: Continues the breakdown of carbohydrates
Bicarbonate ions: neutralizes the HCl from the stomach
Trypsinogen: When activated to trypsin, converts long-chain peptides into short-chain peptides
Lipase: Breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids

70
Q

Liver Functions

A

Synthesis of bile salts and blood proteins
Breakdown/Conversion of toxins and maintains blood sugar levels
Storage of glycogen and vitamins
Detoxification of harmful compounds

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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