Chapter 9: Referencing☀️ Flashcards
Bibliography
An alphabetical list of all the sources that are cited in the text. Bibliographies may also be
compiled to list all the works of a single author, or all the books and articles on a particular
topic. In addition, they may be compiled according to all the books published in a certain
country or within a particular time span. They are usually compiled using a standardised
reference technique (e.g. the Harvard reference style). Also referred to as a Reference list.
Citation generator
A tool that automatically creates a bibliography or reference list.
Citing
To quote or refer to the person and/or information source that was used in your report or assignment. A reference list or bibliography is made up of all the sources that were cited in
your report or assignment.
In-text references
Acknowledging (see also Citing and Referencing) the sources of your information in the text
of your work.
Reference list
An alphabetical list at the end of a document that contains detailed information on the
documents used and cited (referred to) in your work. (See also Bibliography.)
Reference management software or tools
Software for creating, recording and using bibliographic references or citations. It can also be referred to as citation management software
Referencing
The action of noting the source of information that you used in a report or assignment.
Acknowledging the fact that a specific information source was used
Reference system
A specific system or style used to cite or reference the sources you referred to in your work.
Why do I need to reference or cite?
You need to acknowledge when you have used another
person’s ideas when creating your own work.
If you do not reference someone else’s work, you are
committing plagiarism.
It shows that you have done extensive research
It may help you to illustrate a point more clearly.
The reader can view and use these references if
necessary.
The reader can verify the sources.
When do I reference?
References are made each time you use an idea in your work that is not purely your own original idea An idea
can be a fact, a quotation, a table, graphics, music, or anything else obtained from a source of information
whether in print or electronic format, such as a book, an article a newspaper, or an information found on the wéb, including information taken from social media sites.
Footnote
Endnote
Where do I find info I need to use for referencing?
books
journals
web pages
The bibliographic info you need to cite books correctly is ?
the author (this is the persons) responsible for the creation of the book, i.e. the writer compiler editor
translator or corporate author)
the title of the book as well as subtitle(s) where applicable
the edition of the book (second and subsequent editions only)
the name of the publisher
the place of publication
the year of publication
The bibliographic info you need to cite journals is?
the author(s) of the article (but not the editors of the journal)
the title (and subtitle, if applicable) of the article
the title of the journal in which the article appears
the volume number of the journal
the issue number (if applicable), or season/month, which is usually provided if there is no issue number
the year of publication
the page numbers in the journal where the article appears
The bibliographic info needed to cite a web page is?
as much of the same information that you require for books and journal articles, depending on the type of
document that is used (e g. the author, the title of the article, and so on)
the URL (Uniform Resources Locator) or the DOl (Digital Object Identifier)
date of creation or latest update of the web page
date of access (the date when you visited the web page).
Referencing methods/styles
Harvard method MLA stvle APA style Vancouver method Chicago style
- Harvard method
9.3.1 Harvard method
The Harvard reference method was developed in the United States and is one of the most commonly used
systems across the world today.
‘Harvard’ is a generic term for a style that follows the format of author-date citations in the text of the document
and a list of references at the end of the document, arranged alphabetically by author’s name and year of
publication. The Harvard style and its many variations are used in social and behavioural sciences, philosophy,
politics, economics, arts and the health sciences.
In-text citation for Harvard method
Include the author or creator of the work (surname, no initials), the date (year) of the publication and the
page or pages where the information was found (where applicable). The example below applies to any
format (book, journal, social media and so forth).
The idea was already proposed (Brown, 2018: 55)
Books for Harvard method
Start with the surname and initials of the authors) or editors) or the full name of an other entity that acts
as author such as a corporate author. This is followed by the year of publication, the full title of the work.
the place of publication and the name of the publisher. Titles are written in italics.
Brown. R.S 2019. Coming back to the old country. New York: Manhattan Press.
Journal articles for Harvard method
Give the name of the author, year of publication and title of the article, then the name of the journal, volume
number and issue number, followed by the page numbers of the article.
Dyson, T.M. 2020. Child-care and child development. Journal of Social Development, 12(3):
11-21
Online sources for Harvard method
Follow the same basic citation format as print sources for online sources and generally also include the
designation Online the URL and the date that the page was accessed.
Student Research Group. 2016. Citing and referencing. [Online]. Frankfurt: International University.
Available: http://www.ju.ac.de/researchgroup [Accessed 20 April 2020].
Social media for Harvard method
Below is an example of a reference for a post on Facebook.
Goddard. PH. 2019. This is what happened in the literacy class yesterday, 11 November 2019.
[Facebook]. Available: http://www.facebook.com/peter.goddard/posts/253629050543727
[Accessed 3 December 2020]
- MLA style
The MLA style is a set of rules established by the Modern Language Association (America) and is the preferred
system in literature, the arts, the humanities and other similar disciplines.
In the MLA reference list/bibliography authors are listed alphabetically by surname. The second and following
lines are indented.
In-text citation for MLA
Include the sumame of an author and the page number where the information was found. There is no date.
In MLA, in-text citations are also called parenthetical references.
It is argued that there is no reason for worry (Jones 134) ..
Books for MLA
Start with author surname and first name, followed by the title, publisher, and year of publication. Every
important word in the title is capitalised. Titles are written in italics
Botha, Lynette. The Importance of Own Language in Primary School Education. Oxford Universitv
Press 2020
Journal articles for MLA
Start with author sumame and first name, followed by the title of the article in quotation marks and the
name of the journal in italics. Every important word in the title is capitalised. This is followed by the volume
and issue numbers, the year of publication and the page numbers of the article.
Jones, Peter. “Use of Mother Tongue in Schools.” Journal of Everyday Language, vol. 18 no. 2.
2018, pp. 133-139.
Online sources for MLA
For online sources MLA prefers that the DO is used instead of the URL. Do not include http: // or https.//
when using the URL. The publisher or sponsor of a web page is required, as well as the date of
creation/last update of page and the date the page was viewed. Quotation marks are used for the title. The
name of publisher is in italics
Brooks, David. “Looking at Corporate History”. Bonanza Group. 3 Nov. 2019 doi
10 2102/ASDC. 2020/148226. Accessed May 14. 2020.
Social media for MLA
Below is an example of a reference for a post on Facebook.
Brown. Tracy. “Today I learnt about the five most important things to know when referencing a
book” Facebook. 16 February 2018 9:00am. www.facebook.com/referencingbooks. Accessed 20
March 2018.
- APA
APA is a well-known reference style devised by the American Psychological Association, but it is also widely
used in the social sciences, education, history and many other disciplines. In the reference list/bibliography
authors are listed alphabetically by surname.
In-text citation for APA
Include the surname of the author and date. Page numbers are optional. However, they are required if a
verbatim quotation is used.
It is thought that this could be ascribed to external stimuli (Patterson, 2019)
Books for APA
Start with the author’s surname and initials followed by the date of publication in brackets, the title in italics,
the place of publication and the name of the publisher. The second and following lines are indented. Where
there are six or fewer authors, all the authors must be listed in the reference list/bibliography.
Patterson. G.L. (2019). Religion and health: A state of mind. Johannesburg: Psychology Press
Journal articles for APA
Follow the same basic format used for books, with the title of the journal in italics followed by the volume
and issue numbers and the page numbers of the article
Schumann, A. (2017). The many faces of mental health in society. Health and Religion, 12(6),
331-338
Online sources for APA
If the DOl is available for online documents it is used in the place of the URL
Ward. P.S. (2018). Three minutes of peace. ASB Corporation Online. Retrieved from doi: 10.2101/
ASBC.2013/159173
Social media for APA
Below is an example of a reference for a post on Facebook.
Neil, G. [Gerry]. (2019, March 16). Come and see how the real thing is done. [Facebook].
Retrieved from https //facebook.com/gerry neill/status/10668219452306
- Vancouver method
This method of referencing originally came from the International Committee of Medical Joural editors in 1978
and is most often used in the biomedical environment. as well as in the natural sciences. The U.S. National
Library of Medicine now maintains it.
This style assigns a number to each reference as it is cited. The reference list/bibliography is therefore a list that
is numbered and not an alphabetical list. The number assigned to the reference is reused every time the
reference is cited in the text.
In-text citation for Vancouver
Do not mention the name, only the reference number.
Jones (2) argues that
or
It has been argued (2,3,5) that
Books for Vancouver
Start with the author surname and initials. There is no punctuation between the surname of an author and
the initials, only a space. There is also no punctuation or spaces between the initials of the author. Where
there are six or fewer authors all the authors must be listed. The place of publication and the name of the
publisher are provided, and the year of publication is given at the end of the bibliographic description.
1.
Mandala CF. The use of drugs in rehabilitation centres. London: Cambridge Press: 2019.
2. Adler H, Morris P. Baker GP Dlamini R. Streamlined treatment of wounds Oxford: Oxford
University Press; 2017
3.Valente KS. Tomorrow’s medicine in todav’s world. Cape Town: ABC Publishers: 2020
Journal articles for Vancouver
The name of the journal is followed by the date of publication, and the volume and issue numbers, with the
page numbers coming last. When page numbers are given, digits are not repeated unnecessarily.
1Jones P. Application of bandages in serious cases of burns. Journal of Everyday Medicine
2020;12(3):123-30.
2.Botha LR. No way out. Medical Journal 2017 Jul 5; 19(6): 133-6.
Online sources for Vancouver
Below is an example of a reference for an online source.
Smith AM. Dental hygiene education. [internet]. Bombay: Dentist Association, 2018 [cited 20 April
2019]. Available from: http://www.da.gov/dentalhygiene.htm
Social media for Vancouver
Below is an example of a reference for a post on Facebook.
Kelley CK. [Internet]. 2019 April 16, Important meeting on water conservation coming up next
week [cited 2019 May 13]. Available from: http://www.facebook.com/carinus kelley.
- Chicago style
The Chicago Style Manual is one of the most widely consulted style manuals. It presents two basic systems,
namely:
3
>
notes and bibliography
author-date.
Choosing between the two often depends on the subject matter as each system is preferred by different
scholars. It is also sometimes referred to as the Turabian style, which is a simplified version of the Chicago
Manual developed b Kate Turabian for the writing of term papers, theses and dissertations.
The Chicago style is used in the social sciences, such as history, political studies and theology, and in computer
science. In the reference list/bibliography sources are listed alphabetically.
In-text citation for Chicago
The notes and bibliography version of the Chicago style presents numbered information in the text
together with footnotes at the bottom of the page.
Sources are cited in the text using a numbered marker and bibliographic information is provided in notes
(footnotes or endnotes), as well as in an alphabetical reference list/bibliography.
This is generally seen as “the ultimate betrayal’ and therefore.. A further consideration with
regard to this so-called “dislovalty”? is when
- Robert S. Brown, Coming Back to the Old Country (New York: Manhattan Press, 2019), 78.
- Brown, Coming Back, 81.
Many cases of the epidemic were recorded during the last year (Jones 2020).
Books for Chicago
Start with the author sumame and full name, the title, and then the place of publication, publisher and year
of publication.
Carter, Michael. 2019. The Day that Never Came. London: Exemplary Press.
Journal articles for Chicago
Start with the author article title, journal title, volume and issue information and then the date, followed by the page numbers.
Jones, Graham. “Fear of Running Alone.” International Journal of Athletics 15, no. 2 (2020).:
12-53
Online sources for Chicago
The URL is listed at the end of the citation, but not the date when the content was accessed. DOs can also
be used instead of the URLS
Mayer, Bernard. Tips on Writing for Publication. http://www.writinggroup.org.articles.html
Social media for Chicago
Below is an example of a reference for a post on Facebook.
Smithe. Benni. 2019. “Bennis special page”, Facebook, June 5, 2019
http://www.facebook.com/bennismithe/
Aim of reference management tools
to automatically import references or citations from a variety of sources
to organise these references or citations and create your personal online database
to generate in-text citations and reference lists/bibliographies automatically in a style of your choice.
This can save a lot of time and
decreases your chances of making mistakes when typing up your own reference
The different reference management tools
Microsoft Word ReWorks EndNote Mendeley Zotero
Microsoft Word
bibliography. You can customise the function and it allows you to share your references with others.
Depending on which version of Microsoft Word you are using, the specific steps may differ, but the overall
approaches are similar
Microsoft’s support page has instructions on how to use the referencing function for various versions.
Microsoft Word supports a wide range of referencing styles such as Harvard, APA, MLA and Chicago.
RefWorks
ReWorks is a subscription-based online tool that works with Microsoft Word to create bibliographies or
reference lists and footnotes according to your choice of style. It allows you to create your personal
database which you can search, import references from a variety of catalogues and databases, and set up
alert notifications. You can also share your ReWorks database with others. There are two RefWorks
interfaces to choose from, namely the Legacy’ RefWorks and the New ReWorks interface for new users.
ReWorks supports various reference styles including APA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard and MLA.
End Note
EndNote is subscription-based software that you load on your computer, that enables you to store your
references in a database. (A limited online version, EndNote basic, is available free of charge.) It creates
bibliographies from these databases automatically and inserts and formats these into word-processing
documents.
EndNote desktop software is compatible with both Windows and Mac computers. All references from your
database can be accessed and managed from anywhere, and can be shared.
EndNote is compatible with a wide range of references found online and supports APA, Chicago/Turabian,
Harvard and MLA
Mendeley
Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that supports syncing between
desktop. web and mobile devices.
It combines Mendeley Desktop, a PDF and reference management application available for Windows, Mac
and Linux. It imports citations from a wide variety of e-journal suppliers’ databases and automatically
generates your personal bibliography in Microsoft Word format. Mendeley creates and stores a personal
database/library that you can access and share online from anywhere. Mendeley Desktop also allows you
to filter your library by authors, journals or keywords. Mendeley has mobile apps - an iPhone and iPad App
as well as an Android App - available for downloading.
Mendeley supports a range of referencing styles including ALA, Chicago, Harvard and MLA.
Zotero
Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that supports syncing between
desktop, web and mobile devices.
It combines Mendeley Desktop, a PDF and reference management application available for Windows, Mac
and Linux. It imports citations from a wide variety of -journal suppliers databases and automatically
generates your personal bibliography in Microsoft Word format. Mendeley creates and stores a personal
database/library that you can access and share online from anywhere. Mendeley Desktop also allows you
to filter your library by authors, journals or keywords. Mendeley has mobile apps - an iPhone and iPad App
as well as an Android App - available for downloading.
Mendeley supports a range of referencing styles including ALA, Chicago, Harvard and MLA.
Steps for using reference management tools
Zotero is an easy-to-use, free and open-source tool available for Mac, Windows and Linux. It helps you
collect, manage and cite your research sources. Zotero integrates closely with online resources, and
automatically senses’ when you are viewing a book, article or other source on the web. It instantly creates
references and bibliographies for any text editor, and directly inside Microsoft Word, LibreOffice and Google
Docs. It saves your personal library to your local computer, but syncs with many computers so you can
work and share your sources from anywhere. Zotero groups can be private or public, open or closed.
Mobile apps for Android and iPhone are available.
Zotero support a vast range of referencing styles.
GIGO - Garbage in Garbage out
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) means that if invalid or incorrect data are entered into a
computer program, the data that are generated will also be invalid or incorrect.
A computer can only do what it is programmed to do - in other words, it is only asgood as the data it receives
Anything that you put into the (referencing) system must be correct if you want to make sure
you generate the correct citation or reference
