Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Design Flashcards
Experimental, randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental design studies are examples of research designs that use __________
an intervention
an association between two variables
correlation
an example of a study that does not have an intervention but compares two groups
comparison
variables that can influence the outcome that weaken the link between the independent and dependent variable
confounding variables
methods to limit the influence of confounding variables
Randomization, crossover, homogeneity, matching, and statistical control
The more groups blinded in a study, the less _____ present in a study
bias
From whom will critical information be withheld to avert bias?
participants, people performing interventions, other staff, data collectors
retrospective vs prospective study
retro = looking back prosp = looking forward
retrospective study is a _______ type of study …why?
secondary
- data was already collected before the study by someone other than the researcher.
Three criteria for establishing causal relationships
Temporal
Relationship
Confounders
A cause is the _________variable
independent
________ requires a cause to precede an effect
temporal
____________ requires an association to be shown between the cause and effect
relationship
___________requires it to be proven that the effect cannot be caused by a third variable
cofounders
quantitative design features
intervention comparisons control over confounding variables blinding time frames relative timing location
3 things a randomized control trial has?
intervention, a control, and the participants are chosen randomly
pulling a name out of a hat or flipping a coin are examples of
randomization
RCTS will use a _____-_______ design which measures a before and after
pretest-posttest design
A _______design is used when you give more than one treatment but separate the treatments and use randomization to determine the ordering.
crossover
In the PICO question, what are options for the C in a quantitative study??
usual care, alternative treatment, placebo, attention control, and delayed treatment
usual care for C in pico =
a therapy in place for something and you want to compare it with the new intervention
alternative treatment for c in pico in quantitative =
testing out two treatments for one outcome to see which one gets better results
*if outcomes are similar the study loses power to determine if an intervention is better
attention control for c in pico in quantitative =
when the control group gets attention but not the intervention
-ex: both independent and control groups receiving education on weight loss, but the intervention group is given a supplement to take in addition to the education
delayed treatment for c in pico for quantitative
both groups the intervention, but the control group waits until later to get it.
** most ethical of the C options.
Limitations of RCTs
inability to test all interventions in this format, the inability to randomize certain variables, and difficulties getting administrative approval to carry out a study.
this study examines an intervention but does not include randomization. Sometimes a control group is not included either.
the intervention is offered to everyone in a population
quasi- expiermental
Quasi-experimental studies may call the control group the ____ _____
comparison group
A ____ _____ ____ collects data over an extended period, introducing an intervention, then collecting data for a length of time.
time series design
what type of experimental design implements a time series design?
quasi experimental
advantages of quasi experimental
- practical and easier to conduct than a RCT
- no control group
disadvantages of quasi-expiremental
less generalizability of the findings due to increased bias, and the increased chance for confounding variables to influence the results.
study is one in which an intervention is not introduced and is known as
an observational study or nonexpiremental
an association between two variables
correlation
Correlational research determines an association but does not prove …..
cause and effect
begins with a presumed cause, looks for a presumed effect
cohort or prospective design
ex: gathering a group of adults who smoke, a group who doesn’t smoke, and comparing the incidence of lung cancer in both groups. It would be unethical to have one group of people start smoking with a RCT, so non-experimental design studies are an option to determine the relationship between smoking and cancer.
starting with the effect or outcome and looking retrospectively at patient data to observe for potential causative variables
case control design
observes for the prevalence of something without determining a relationship
descriptive study
descriptive correlational study
determines if traits have a relationship that is not causal
measures the incidence without linking a cause
can non-expirmental studies support practice change?
no , but collect data to lead to other stud
