Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Design

Question 1

Experimental, randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental design studies are examples of research designs that use __________

Answer 1

an intervention

Question 2

an association between two variables

Answer 2

correlation

Question 3

an example of a study that does not have an intervention but compares two groups

Answer 3

comparison

Question 4

variables that can influence the outcome that weaken the link between the independent and dependent variable

Answer 4

confounding variables

Question 5

methods to limit the influence of confounding variables

Answer 5

Randomization, crossover, homogeneity, matching, and statistical control

Question 6

The more groups blinded in a study, the less _____ present in a study

Answer 6

bias

Question 7

From whom will critical information be withheld to avert bias?

Answer 7

participants, people performing interventions, other staff, data collectors

Question 8

retrospective vs prospective study

Answer 8

retro = looking back 
prosp = looking forward

Question 9

retrospective study is a _______ type of study …why?

Answer 9

secondary

- data was already collected before the study by someone other than the researcher.

Question 10

Three criteria for establishing causal relationships

Answer 10

Temporal

Relationship

Confounders

Question 11

A cause is the _________variable

Answer 11

independent

Question 12

________ requires a cause to precede an effect

Answer 12

temporal

Question 13

____________ requires an association to be shown between the cause and effect

Answer 13

relationship

Question 14

___________requires it to be proven that the effect cannot be caused by a third variable

Answer 14

cofounders

Question 15

quantitative design features

Answer 15

intervention
comparisons
control over confounding variables
blinding
time frames
relative timing
location

Question 16

3 things a randomized control trial has?

Answer 16

intervention, a control, and the participants are chosen randomly

Question 17

pulling a name out of a hat or flipping a coin are examples of

Answer 17

randomization

Question 18

RCTS will use a _____-_______ design which measures a before and after

Answer 18

pretest-posttest design

Question 19

A _______design is used when you give more than one treatment but separate the treatments and use randomization to determine the ordering.

Answer 19

crossover

Question 20

In the PICO question, what are options for the C in a quantitative study??

Answer 20

usual care, alternative treatment, placebo, attention control, and delayed treatment

Question 21

usual care for C in pico =

Answer 21

a therapy in place for something and you want to compare it with the new intervention

Question 22

alternative treatment for c in pico in quantitative =

Answer 22

testing out two treatments for one outcome to see which one gets better results

*if outcomes are similar the study loses power to determine if an intervention is better

Question 23

attention control for c in pico in quantitative =

Answer 23

when the control group gets attention but not the intervention
-ex: both independent and control groups receiving education on weight loss, but the intervention group is given a supplement to take in addition to the education

Question 24

delayed treatment for c in pico for quantitative

Answer 24

both groups the intervention, but the control group waits until later to get it.

** most ethical of the C options.

Question 25

Limitations of RCTs

Answer 25

inability to test all interventions in this format, the inability to randomize certain variables, and difficulties getting administrative approval to carry out a study.

Question 26

this study examines an intervention but does not include randomization. Sometimes a control group is not included either.

the intervention is offered to everyone in a population

Answer 26

quasi- expiermental

Question 27

Quasi-experimental studies may call the control group the ____ _____

Answer 27

comparison group

Question 28

A ____ _____ ____ collects data over an extended period, introducing an intervention, then collecting data for a length of time.

Answer 28

time series design

Question 29

what type of experimental design implements a time series design?

Answer 29

quasi experimental

Question 30

advantages of quasi experimental

Answer 30

• practical and easier to conduct than a RCT

- no control group

Question 31

disadvantages of quasi-expiremental

Answer 31

less generalizability of the findings due to increased bias, and the increased chance for confounding variables to influence the results.

Question 32

study is one in which an intervention is not introduced and is known as

Answer 32

an observational study or nonexpiremental

Question 33

an association between two variables

Answer 33

correlation

Question 34

Correlational research determines an association but does not prove …..

Answer 34

cause and effect

Question 35

begins with a presumed cause, looks for a presumed effect

Answer 35

cohort or prospective design

ex: gathering a group of adults who smoke, a group who doesn’t smoke, and comparing the incidence of lung cancer in both groups. It would be unethical to have one group of people start smoking with a RCT, so non-experimental design studies are an option to determine the relationship between smoking and cancer.

Question 36

starting with the effect or outcome and looking retrospectively at patient data to observe for potential causative variables

Answer 36

case control design

Question 37

observes for the prevalence of something without determining a relationship

Answer 37

descriptive study

Question 38

descriptive correlational study

Answer 38

determines if traits have a relationship that is not causal

measures the incidence without linking a cause

Question 39

can non-expirmental studies support practice change?

Answer 39

no , but collect data to lead to other stud