Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is an ethical dilemma?
two outcomes of a situation both have the potential to violate ethical principles, and both may have merit.
what do you use to guide ethical practice?
ethical principles
Where do ethical principles comes from?
Belmont Report
What is beneficence
the duty to maximize benefits and to do good.
-From a research perspective, a study should aim to benefit or improve something for the participants or others.
In ______ studies it is more difficult to protect against psychological harm as some questions may have participants reveal personal information.
qualitative
what is self determination related to research studies?
allows participants to choose to participate in a study, to drop out of a study, and to be free from prejudice if they refuse or drop out of a study
what is an issue with self-determination?
Coercion
A study participants can’t be forced with threats of negative actions and they also can’t be given excessive rewards for participating.
what is full disclosure related to research study?
participant has the right to be fully informed of a study’s purpose, their right to refuse, and their right to drop from the study if they wish.
-Withholding any information regarding the study’s purpose to avoid subjects potentially refusing to participate is an ethical issue that some researchers have.
What is justice related to research studies?
accounts for a subjects right to privacy and a right to fair treatment.
what is fair treatment related to research studies?
-aspect of justice
- subjects are not selected by a vulnerability such as prisoners or the elderly.
- diversity is ensured in studies
-Less official explanations of fair treatment include respecting the beliefs of participants, letting them refuse without prejudice, and acting with courtesy at all times.
What two ethical components relate to informed consent?
Self-determination and full disclosure
What is informed consent?
Understand the study’s purpose
Ensure privacy or confidentiality (anonymity)
Understand the risks (minimal risk)
Voluntary participation
What in minimal risk?
risk expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine procedures
What is implied consent? an example?
when an individual completes an action of their own accord.
- An example is giving a questionnaire to someone and them filling it out and turning it back in.
- Researchers still have to respect the right to anonymity and confidentiality with implied consent.
What is anonymity? what is identifying information is part of the data?
removing identifying information from the data
- If identifying information is part of the data then the researcher needs to develop confidentiality
when does debrief occur? what happens during debrief?
- occurs after data collection
- allows participants to ask questions or share concerns.
*If a participants needs a referral to a particular service, the researcher should facilitate that process.
3 things giving consent requires?
older than 18, and neurologically intact and oriented
Who give consent when someone is disabled/child/severely ill?
legal guardian
What happens for consent if child is >7 years of age?
they should consent to being a participant as well.
concern with inmates in research?
If research involves inmates, there is a significant fear of being treated worse for not participating. The researcher’s priority is ensuring that voluntary participation is understood and upheld.
research with pregnancy?
needs to safeguard both the woman and fetus.
research with terminally ill?
the research will most likely not benefit the participant and ensuring minimal risk is important since the benefits for the participant are small to none.
Most common entity to provide ethical approval for study?
Institutional Review Board (IRB
What is goal of sending study to IRB?
This ensures that the researchers bias does not influence the ethics of the study.
If study involved animals and not humans?
account for proper care and treatment of animals, including transport, managing pain and distress, using appropriate anesthesia, and euthanizing animals under certain conditions during or after the study
guidelines for critiquing ethical aspect of a study?
Check for approval from an IRB
See if the study describes harm or measures to prevent harm
Do benefits outweigh risks?
Does the study discuss informed or voluntary participation?
Is privacy or confidentiality addressed?
If vulnerable groups were involved, is it addressed how they were protected?
Were any demographic groups removed from the study without reason?
Which ethical principle aligns with the concept of doing good? A) Justice B) Beneficence C) Confidentiality D) Self-determination
Answer B, beneficence.
Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing good and maximizing benefits. Justice refers to fair treatment. Confidentiality refers to ensuring patient’s information is kept private. Self-determination regards the patient’s right to decline to participate or drop out of a study.
5 ethical principle to guide practice
Beneficence Respect for Human Dignity Justice Self-Determination Full Disclosure
Which component is part of informed consent? A) Full disclosure B) Beneficence C) Justice D) Debriefing
Answer: A, full disclosure
Full disclosure and self-determination are two principles involved in informed consent. Informed consent requires a participant to understand the risks, benefits, and purpose of a study as well as the ability to refuse to participate. Beneficence, justice, and debriefing are important ethical considerations but are not part of informed consent.
Which of the following are risks to participants in research? (Select all that apply). A) Time B) Privacy C) Financial D) Emotional
Answer, A, B, C, D. Time, privacy, financial, and emotional.
All of these are potential risks in research. Other risks include physical harm, side effects, discomfort, fatigue, boredom, and social risks.
Which patient group would require consent from a legal guardian? A) Pregnant patient B) Prisoner C) Terminally ill patient D) Child
Answer: D, child.
Children, mentally or emotionally disabled people, or severely ill people require consent from a legal guardian. Pregnant women require researchers to safeguard the patient and fetus from harm. Prisoners require extra emphasis on the study being voluntary. Terminally ill patients require a thorough investigation to ensure risks are minimal.
What method is best for a researcher to ensure their study is ethical?
A) Remove all participant identifying information
B) Ensure the sample population is diverse
C) Gain approval from an Institutional Review Board
D) Provide participants with informed consent
Answer: C, gain approval from an IRB.
All methods ensure ethical considerations are met. IRB approval would encompass all aspects and others not listed. It is considered an umbrella option.
