Chapter 8 Flashcards
The definition of theory
is an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated.
What does a theory consist of?
2 or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses.
What are descriptive theories? What kind of article are they common in?
- account for and describe a phenomenon.
- inductive, observation-based abstractions.
- common to qualitative articles.
What is a grand theory?
explain large segments of the human experience, but they are not good for research
examples: Roy’s Adaptation Model, Transcultural Nursing, Nursing Process Theory, Theory of Human Becoming, Self-Care Theory, Modeling and Role Modeling Theory
What is a middle range theory?
focus on a phenomena like stress, comfort, and health promotion.
-more suitable for research as they are easier to test empirically.
who better for research- grand or middle range theory?
middle range theory
What is a conceptual model?
deals with abstractions or concepts that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme.
-More loosely structured than theories.
who is more loosely structured- theory or conceptual model?
conceptual model
what things visually represent the relationships among phenomena
Schematic models or conceptual maps
what is a framework? when do we see it?
the conceptual underpinning of a study.
-implicit and not spelled out, especially for quantitative studies
- If a study is based on a theory it has a theoretical framework.
- If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a conceptual framework.
- If a study is based on a theory it has a _______ framework.
- If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a _______ framework.
- If a study is based on a theory it has a theoretical framework.
- If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a conceptual framework.
4 concepts central to nursing:
human beings, environment, health, and nursing.
[that last one seems redundant (^.^) ]
how are the four concepts of nursing defined?
Each MODEL (Grand or Middle range theory/models, etc.) defines each of the four terms differently.
Roy’s Adaptation Model defines nursing….
Human beings cope with environmental change through adaptation. The goal of nursing, according to this model, is to promote client adaptation. Nursing interventions usually take the form of increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation.
List Middle range theories and models of concepts of nursing
Health Promotion Model, Uncertainty in Illness Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Transtheoretical Model, Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior
*note you do not need to know the specifics, just identify them as middle range
how do qualitative studies use theories?
attempt to avoid letting theories influence or bias their study and findings
phenomenologists are guided by a framework focused on ________
phenomenologists are guided by a framework focused on the person’s lived experience.
Ethnographers have a _______ framework focus.
Ethnographers have a cultural framework focus.
Grounded theory uses framework related to ________
Grounded theory uses framework related to sociological formulations.
How do quantitative researchers use theories?
Quantitative researchers will test a hypothesis from an existing theory
ex: using the health-belief model to motivate individuals with osteoporosis to eat a calcium enriched diet due to perceived benefits versus those who would not see a benefit from doing so.
Quantiative articles will always mention the theory or framework used: true or false
false
if a quantitive article uses a single intervention then….
it is possible an underlying theory is not needed, and the study results are still strong
Do you need a theoretical framework for a quantitative article with complex intervention?
-weakens the study but does not discount the findings
Having a framework means the article is good. True or flase
False
What is true regarding middle-range theories?
A) Able to be tested empirically
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
C) Focused on the middle-class population
D) Research is limited to small population groups
Answer, A, able to be tested empirically.
Grand range theories attempt to explain large segments of the human experience. C and D are simply not true for any type of theory specifically.
What is true regarding frameworks for quantitative articles?
A) Included in the methods section
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
C) Aims to ignore theory to avoid bias
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework
Answer, D, usually does not state or describe a framework
Qualitative studies are more likely to use frameworks, and they aim to maintain bias by ignoring the assumptions of a theory. If a framework was used in a quantitative study there is not a specific section for it.
What traits should be defined in any conceptual model of nursing? (Select all that apply). A) Human being B) Environment C) Health D) Impact
Answer: A, B, C, human being, environment, and health
Human beings, environment, health, and nursing are the four main components found in any conceptual model of nursing. Impact is not a trait expected to be defined.
Which of the following is a middle-range theory? A) Roy’s Adaptation Model B) Theory of Human Becoming C) Self-Care Theory D) Health Promotion Model
Answer: D, Health Promotion Model
The other three choices are examples of Grand Theories of Nursing
Which type of model places concepts in a visual format? A) Conceptual Framework B) Theoretical Framework C) Schematic Model D) Conceptual Model
Answer C, Schematic Model.
Schematic models or conceptual MAPS visually represent the relationships among phenomena.
