Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is a research problem?
enigmatic or troubling condition. The goal is to find a solution or to contribute to finding a solution.
What is a problem statement?
describes the problem and an argument or reason for why the study is needed.
What is a research statement of purpose?
summary of an overall goal and will use the words aim or objective
What are research questions?
the specific queries researchers want to answer.
What are hypotheses
predictions researchers make about the study and its outcome
What are the 6 components of the problem statement in a QUANTITATIVE article?
Problem identification Background Scope of the problem Consequences of the problem Knowledge gaps Proposed solution
IBS CKS
Problem identification:
what is wrong with the current situation?
Background:
What is the nature of the problem, or the context of the situation, that readers need to understand?
Scope of the problem:
How big a problem is it, and how many people are affected?
Consequence of the problem:
What is the cost of not fixing the problem?
Knowledge gaps:
What information about the problem is lacking?
Proposed solution:
How will the new study contribute to the solution of the problem?
What is the problem statement for QUALITATIVE study?
express the nature of the problem, its context, its scope, and information needed to address it.
What does PICO stand for
P = patient or population I = intervention or exposure C = comparison or current practice O = outcome
Quantitative research questions include what 2 things?
PICO and Variables
Qualitative studies could have what 3 things in the research question?
Grounded theory focuses on process.
Phenomenology focuses on meaning.
Ethnography ask descriptive questions about culture.
ex: “What do nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic do on a day-to-day basis to address less clinical time?”
“What is the meaning of in-person clinical experiences for a nursing student during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Some quantitative studies focus on _____ rather than direct relationships.
trends
The text gives an example: What is the frequency with which nurses use humor as a complimentary therapy with hospitalized cancer patients?
Usually, the hypothesis is based on something……
can hypothesis be wrong?
from previous literature to increase the likelihood the hypothesis is correct.
- There is a chance a hypothesis can be wrong though, and the researcher needs to investigate what in the study could explain the discrepancy.
What kind of statements do hypotheses make?
relational statements.
-The intervention needs to directly relate to the outcome in a hypothesis.
What is a directional hypothesis?
- will specify the direction between variables in a hypothesis.
- Words like increase, decrease, more likely, and less likely are examples of what you may see to indicate a directional relationship.
What is a nondirectional hypothesis?
-does not specify a specific change between variables, rather that a relationship merely exists.
What is a research hypothesis?
a statement of expected relationships between variables. This includes directional and nondirectional hypotheses.
What is a null hypothesis? What is it important for?
he reverse of the hypothesis, or that there is not a relationship between the two variables.
-The null hypothesis is important for inferences made with statistical tests.
4 types of hypothesis
directional
nondirectional
research
null
What factors do we look at to see if a hypothesis is good?
statistical analysis
PValue
Supported rather than proven
what is a good P value?
- < 0.05 indicates that the results can be replicated in a new sample 95% or more of the time.
- This type of statistic would support the hypothesis.
A hypothesis is never ______ but rather _____
proven, supported
A hypothesis is never proven, but rather supported.
what is the best support for a hypothesis?
to conduct multiple studies on the same hypothesis and get statistical results that support it from each study.
whats better- multiple trials with p value .004 or 1 trial with p value .001
multiple with .004
but the one with more studies is more supported by research.
A study aims to determine if follow-up phone calls after discharge will reduce the incidence of readmissions related to congestive heart failure within 30 days. What is the research problem?
A) follow-up phone calls
B) readmissions within 30 days
C) discharge process
D) congestive heart failure disease process
Answer: B, readmissions within 30 days
Follow-up phone calls are the suggested intervention or independent variable. The discharge process is not being examined. Congestive heart failure is the reason for readmissions, but the disease process is not the problem. The problem are readmissions that occur within 30 days of discharge. Medicare imposes a penalty on the hospital that discharges a patient for congestive heart failure if they are readmitted within 30 days.
Which type of research design would use a research question to find the meaning in something? A) Clinical trial B) Ethnographic C) Phenomenological D) Grounded Theory
Answer: C, phenomenological
Phenomenological studies investigate the meaning of a lived experience. Grounded theory focuses on process. Ethnography ask descriptive questions about culture. A clinical trial is a type of quantitative article and would focus on the relationship between two variables.
Which of the following are components of the Problem Statement? (Select all that apply). A) Background B) Scope of the problem C) Knowledge gaps D) Null hypothesis
Answer: A, B, C.
The elements of a problem statement include: Problem identification, Background, Scope of the problem, Consequences of the problem, Knowledge gaps, and Proposed solution.
Which type of hypothesis reflects the absence of a relationship between two variables? A) Research B) Directional C) Nondirectional D) Null
Answer: D, Null
The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the variables being examined. It is used for statistical inferences.
What p value would suggest that the hypothesis is not supported? A) 0.01 B) 0.02 C) 0.04 D) 0.07
Answer D: 0.07
The goal for a P value is < 0.05. This value demonstrates the probability that the same design of a study can be used with a new sample to get similar results. A higher p value indicates less of a chance the results can be duplicated. While 0.07 is not a high number, it is the highest one and above the 0.05 threshold.
