Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is nursing research?
-Nursing research is specifically focused on questions or problems related to nurses, or, client’s under the care of a
nurse
What is research?
Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve problems.
What is clinical research nursing?
focuses on the practice setting
why does research matter?
- evolve and improve procedures
- develop standard practices
what is magnet status?
hospitals that show a propensity to utilize evidence-based practice can achieve “Magnet Status”
what is a nurses ACTIVE role in research?
contributing to an idea for clinical inquiry, assisting in the collection of research information, offering advice to clients about participating in a study, or discussing the implications of a study in a journal club.
Nurses can have an ______ role or a ______role in research
Nurses can have an active role or a passive role in research
What is a nurses PASSIVE role in research?
searching for research evidence, much like you will do in this class.
Where is nursing research going?
EBP –> Systematic Review –> Addressing Health/Cultural Disparities
What is EBP? Using EBP requires what of nurses?
nurses using research to inform their practice. This will require nurses to be adept at finding and critiquing research to determine if the results are valid.
How many studies are done before a systematic review?
multiple! one study alone is not to support practice change
what is a systematic review?
combine the results from several studies on each intervention on a particular topic
2 sources of evidence that require CAUTION? What the heck is wrong with those 2 things?
- Tradition and authority - it is not guaranteed that skill is based off the most recent evidence
- Clinical experience and trial and error- not disciplined enough to determine an intervention is reliably correlated to its results.
Methods that are PRUDENT
- Assembled information
This data is compiled on a national level and benchmarks are set for facilities to aim to meet. This data is prudent to use to determine if a hospital or a unit needs to change its practice, but, by itself, this data does not guide the practice
Methods of research that are RECOMMENDED
aka the only research that counts for changing the way shit be done
- Disciplined research
Search the literature for methods to improve a problem and analyze the studies. Find a common intervention supported by several studies and proceed to present the findings to your unit practice council.
what is a positivist paradigm? associated with quantitative or qualitative?
associated more with QUANTITATIVE data as it seeks objectivity and to distance the researcher from what is being researched.
What is a constructivist prardigm?
places the researcher in direct contact with the participants and subjectivity is important and is more associated with QUALITATIVE research.
what do positivist and constructivist paradigms have in common?
seek to answer questions and solve problems, gather evidence, and require human cooperation whether it be consent or active participation, obey ethical demands, and have limitations.
Tell me about quantitative research generally speaking
- Systematic process
- Empirical evidence
- Minimizing bias, increasing/maximizing validity
- Generalizability
What does generalizability refer to in relation to quantitative research?
results that can apply to the general population and not just the participants in the study.
Tell me about qualitative research generally speaking
It has an _____process
- Inductive process – from specific to general
• Human experience
-Subjective evidence
-Less controlled bias and validity
what is the instrument of measure to provide data in a qualitative study? why do i care?
human beings
-data is subject to bias
are qualitative studies generalizable?
less likely to be generalizable in comparison to quantitative studies
what are the 5 types of research questions?
- identification
- description
- exploration
- prediction and control
- explanation
I Don’t Eat People Eagerly
p.s. this question right here is exactly why people hate nursing school. This is exactly the kind of nonsense junk that takes up valuable space in my tiny peanut brain and makes me want to thrash a professor. rant over!
This research question lives exclusively in the qualitative world
Identification
® Identification is only qualitative and aims to identify a phenomenon that has not been researched before.
tell me about descriptive research questions. maybe give me an example
describing a phenomenon.
a study that measures the amount of stress patients face before surgery
—-> focuses on measuring and describing the stress.
tell me about exploratory research questions. give an example if you feel inclined
- takes a concept and explores factors that impact it.
- a study that focuses on what factors increase stress in the patient before surgery
this research question lives only in the quantitative world. tell me about it.
-prediction and control
=predicting an outcome based on research evidence without explaining why the outcome would occur
example: a 40-year-old woman would be more likely to have a child with down syndrome than a 35-year-old woman.
NOTE: This information can guide the nurse to educate the older patient about an amniocentesis and the risks of their child having down syndrome, BUT IT DOES NOT EXPLAIN WHY older age causes that.
tell me about explanation research questions?
why does the phenomenon exist? what is causing the phenomenon?
5 research purposes of Evidence Based practice. (You will tell me about them more in depth later)
Therapy/Intervention Diagnosis/Assessment Prognosis Etiology/Cause/Harm Meaning/Process
The Dirty Pig Eats Meat
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Research Purpose- Therapy/ Intervention
Therapy or Intervention studies seek to determine if an intervention will improve a healthcare problem.
□ An example is a study that measures the effectiveness of meditation on reducing stress.
Diagnosis/Assessment- Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Research Purpose
- focus on effective methods to screen diagnose or assess patients.
- study that measures two different instruments for depression to determine if one is more accurate
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Research Purposes-Prognosis
- focus on a disease and how a specific factor can influence clinical outcomes.
- longer term and help with lifestyle choices.
- patient with leukemia and studying the effect of hyperglycemia on outcomes such as neutropenia, infection, or length of stay
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Research Purposes-Etiology/Cause/Harm
- find the link between something and an outcome.
- determining that smoking leads to cancer.
- study that identifies risk factors for developing a catheter associated urinary tract infection.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Research Purposes - Meaning/Process -
- associated with QUALITATIVE research while the others were quantitative.
- Meaning studies aim to find the patient’s perspective.
-For example, if you were implementing a fall prevention program, it would be important to know what patients thought about falls or the interventions.
-Understanding the patient perspective aids the nurse in
getting the patient to participate in the plan.
Which of the following is an example of a role a nurse has in research?
A) Administering metoprolol to a patient with an elevated heart rate
B) Documenting in a new assessment form being piloted on the unit.
C) Providing discharge education to a patient with new-onset diabetes
D) Using a second nurse to verify a dose of insulin before administration
The correct answer is B.
Documenting in a new assessment form being piloted on the unit. This helps in collecting research information about the new form so it can be modified or altered to maximize its efficiency and accuracy for nurses.
The other three answers describe normal nursing practice and do not generate data for a study or describe a new concept that is being tested.
Which statement is true regarding Systematic Review studies?
A) The researchers gather the data directly through experimentation
B) Compiles data from multiple studies around one topic
C) Studies focused on solving local problems
D) Primarily involves qualitative research
The answer is B, compiles data from multiple studies around one topic.
The researchers of a systematic review gather data from other sources, and a systematic review is known as a secondary type of research study. A systematic review is not a local research study, and a systematic review uses both qualitative and quantitative studies, though primarily quantitative studies are used.
A nursing student does not wear gloves when giving intravenous medications because it was learned through watching a preceptor perform the procedure this way. Which source of knowledge explains this behavior? A) Disciplined Research B) Clinical experience C) Trial and Error D) Authority
The answer is D, Authority. Authority is when nurses base practice on what a seasoned person, textbook, or instructor does or tells them. Disciplined research is ideal and uses evidence to support practice. Clinical experience is subjective and is not generalizable and trial and error would involve trying several interventions to see if one worked better.
Which of the following is a factor of the positivist paradigm? A) deductive process B) emphasis on the whole C) focus on the subjective D) seeks in-depth understanding
The answer is A, deductive process. The other three answers are related to the constructivist paradigm.
The researcher performs a study to determine the effect of haloperidol in managing delirium. Which research purpose does this study reflect? A) Prognosis B) Diagnosis C) Therapy D) Meaning
The answer is C, therapy.
Therapy / Intervention studies measure the ability of an intervention to help a health problem. Prognosis looks at a health condition and examines the effect of another health issue on its outcomes. Diagnostic studies examine the efficacy of a tool for screening or diagnosis for a health problem. Meaning examines the patient’s perspective through a health problem or event.
