Chapter 3 Flashcards
- the data is a narrative description, patterns of association are examined, and it uses inductive reasoning.
Qual or Quant?
Qualitative Studies
- concepts in a quantitative study are its variables, or factors that change (i.e., weight, pain, anxiety, blood pressure)
Quantitative Studies
A _______ is an explanation of some aspect of reality built upon by concepts.
Theory
theory: quantitative vs qualitative
- In qualitative studies, the conclusion results in the development of a theory
- In quantitative studies, a theory is used to begin/ignite the process
what is the Independent Variable -
the intervention or the cause of the change
dependent variable
the outcome
can you have multiple independent or dependent variable?
Outcomes can have multiple independent variables, and studies will sometimes
measure multiple independent and dependent variables.
Information gathered in a study is called
data
quantitative vs qualitative data
numerical (quantitative study); narrative description (qualitative study)
a connection between phenomena
a relationship
quantitative vs qualitative - terms used to describe data
- more than, less than = quantitative – determined numerically
- common themes =qualitative – patterns of association
experimental quantitative studies examples
§ Introduces an intervention or change to determine its effect
§ Tests causal relationships
§ Clinical trials
what do non experimental quantitative studies do?
-Assesses differences in two groups without introducing a change
=Observational studies
5 phases of a quantitative study
- conceptual
- design and planning
- empirical
- analytic
- dissemination
CDEAD
what is the conceptual phase of a quantitative study?
- identifying a problem, determining study variables, and determining clinical
relevance, methodological issues, and ethical issues.
what is the design and planning phase of a quantitative study?
- the design phase begins by determining how often data will be collected,
how to reduce bias, and how to structure and control the study. An intervention protocol is developed to specify what the intervention and alternative will be for comparison.
-The researchers define the population
during which phases of quantitative study is literature review performed?
conceptual
what can help define the concepts during the conceptual phase of a quantitative study?
a theory or framework
in what phase of quantitative study do you provide hypothesis
conceptual
what is the empirical phase of a quantitative study?
the empirical phase consists of collecting data according to a pre-planned method in the design phase.
during which phase of quantitative study is data collected and coded into numerical values?
empirical
what is the analytic phase of a quantitative study?
the analytic phase involves using a formal method of statistical analysis on the
collected data.
The clinical significance as well as conclusions related to the clinical significance are discussed during which phase
analytic
what is the dissemination phase of a quantitative study?
preparing a research report and eventually using the evidence in practice.
What are the 3 theoretical background for a QUALITATIVE study?
- grounded theory
- phenomenology
- ethnography
what is grounded theory ?
-qualitative research framework
-seeks to understand and describe social psychological processes; find a core
variable to explain what is happening in a social scene
Ex. A study that measures how mental health users transitioned from the hospital to home.
The study identified the core variable as the patient’s management of preconceived expectations.
what is phenomenology?
-qualitative research framework
concerned with the lived experiences of humans. It seeks to understand how a
person or group of people perceive an experience they endured
Ex. For instance, a phenomenological study could be conducted on students’ experiences going to clinical during a pandemic.
what is ethnography?
-qualitative research framework
-studies the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion.
In this type of study, the researcher joins a group and observes their behavior.
Ex. Researchers immersing in two nursing homes to observe how the staff manages
unpleasant resident behaviors.
Do qualitative study steps have a linear flow?
HECK NO. its goes back n forth
What are the steps to a qualitative study?
research problem literature review research site/environemnts overall approach ethics drawing conclusions
PLSOED
problem, lit, site, overall,ethics, drawing con)
what is the research problem in a qualitative study?
A broad area that little is known about is selected initially that can later be focused once thestudy has began
does a qualitative study have to have a literature review?
Nope. sometimes researchers think other studies might influence their findings
Why do qualitative studies have a research site/ environment step in the study process?
Since qualitative studies require human experiences and perspectives an appropriate environment needs to be defined. For some sites the researcher may need to get approval from an entity before going.
what is the overall approach step of the qualitative study?
In a qualitative study data collection can occur before a design is finalized, and the design can change based on the data collection.
what is the ethics step of a qualitative study?
-important
Ethical issues are just as important in qualitative studies and need to be addressed since participants develop a rapport with the researcher.
How is the data organized in a qualitative study? When is it organized?
- participants responses or narratives are collected and grouped together
into themes or categories - The sample in a qualitative study varies and usually is decided when narratives become redundant or the results are saturated.
-during the “drawing conclusions phase”
During the drawing conclusion phase, how do reviewers assess accuracy of their data?
sometimes they have to go back to participants to verify their analysis is congruent with participant experience
Which term is exclusive to quantitative research? A) study participant B) researcher C) variables D) data
Answer: C, variables.
Variables are exclusive to quantitative research. The other terms are used with both types of research.
A researcher investigated the effects of haloperidol on reducing delirium in the intensive care unit. What is the dependent variable? A) haloperidol B) delirium C) intensive care unit D) researcher
Answer: B, delirium.
The independent variable or change is haloperidol. The dependent variable or outcome is the delirium. The ICU and researcher are not variables in the study.
A researcher measured stress levels numerically between a group of nursing students versus a group of accounting students. What type of study is this? A) observational B) clinical trial C) ethnographic D) grounded theory
Answer A, observational.
The study does not introduce an intervention or change. It measures stress between two groups of individuals and would be a non-experimental study or an observational study. A clinical trial would have an intervention. Ethnographic and grounded theory are qualitative studies.
Which of the following is component of the conceptual phase of conducting a quantitative study? A) data collection B) data analysis C) review of literature D) dissemination of findings
Answer: C, review of literature.
The review of literature is part of the conceptual phase. Data collection is part of the empirical phase. Data analysis is part of the analytic phase, and dissemination of findings is part of the dissemination phase.
What is one difference in qualitative and quantitative research? A) Addressing ethical issues B) Identifying a research problem C) Collecting Data D) Sample size determination
Answer D, sample selection.
The sample in a quantitative study is defined before the study begins, but in a qualitative study the sample size is determined after data saturation occurs.
Both studies have to address ethical issues, identify a research problem, and collect some form of data. The type of data is different, but without data neither would be a research study.
