Chapter 9 pt 2 Flashcards
common law
law that was common to the entire kingdom, put in place by Henry II
Magna Carta
“The Great Charter” Under King John there was rebellion against growing royal power in 1215 it was signed and is a document of rights used to say the monarch’s power was not absolute
This is based on the feudal idea that kings and vassals interacted on mutual rights, and obligations.
estate
social classes- the first is the clergy, then the nobles (2nd), townspeople & peasants (3rd)
William of Normandy
1066 Crowned king of England after defeating the Anglo-Saxon king at the Battle of Hastings, also held the first census in Europe since Roman times. These took account for animals, manors, and people and he further developed taxation and royal courts, continuing a new start for English monarchy
Henry II
1154-1189 he ruled expanding the power of the king by increasing the power of royal courts. increasing the number of criminal cases in the court and took property cases into royal rather than local court. Royal courts being throughout England resulted in common law
Thomas a Becket
An archbishop of Cantebury and one of the best clerics, when Henry II tried to take control of the Church he claimed only Roman Catholic Church courts could try clerics. Henry got mad and had him murdered by 4 knights
Philip II Augustus
Ruled French monarchy 1180-1223 he expanded income and power of the monarchy by warring against the English who held French territories, including Normandy and Aquitaine
Otto I
a Germanic king, first time since Charlemagne, he was crowned emperor of Rome in 962
Alexander Nevsky
Mongols captured Russia in the 1200s, Alexander was a Russian prince who was named grand-prince after he defeated a German army in 1242, he was rewarded this title by the Mongol leader. His descendants would become princes of Moscow and leaders of all of Russia
Battle of Hastings
the battle that crowned William of Normandy as king of England
Edward I
Under his reign representative government formed; The Parliament, representatives being 2 knights from each country, 2 people from each town and all nobles and bishops in England. It would form the House of Lords (nobles and church head) and House of Commons (knights and townspeople)
Capetian dynasty
In 843 when Carolingian fell, the French (west Frankish) section’s nobles elected Hugh Capet as king, creating this dynasty
These kings had little power, their royal domain was only around Paris, they were supposed to be overlords of the lords, but many top-notch nobles had greater power
Slavs
Central European peoples, they were divided into 3 groups: the western, southern, and eastern Slavs
Western made the Polish and Bohemian kingdoms, the eastern were converted by the Byzantines, the southern culture was linked to the Byzantine empire but took Catholicism
Eastern Slavs also settled in present-day Ukraine and Russia
Czechs
Bohemians, they were western Slavs
Hungarians
They were not Slavic but along with the Poles and the Czechs they were converted to Christianity by German monks
patriarch
Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church (Byzantine Empire), controlled church AND state
schism
a separation, one occurred under the Byzantine empire between its Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church of the West because the EOC’s did not accept pope as the sole head of Christians
Crusades
a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims, this started when the Seljuk Turks attacked because the Byzantine Empire was weakened. They were Muslim.
infidel
Those (Muslims) who did not believe in Catholicism as said by pope Urban II, the ‘unbelievers’
Justinian
Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire in 527, did well to restore. Simplified the laws. Rebuilt Constantinople after 532, a flourishing city. Greatest achievement Hagia Sophia “Church of the Holy Wisdom”
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
monastic leader, enlisted French King Louis VII and German Emperor Conrad III in a Second Crusade. It failed.
Saladin
1187 captured Jerusalem and defended it in the Third Crusade against German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, English Richard I, and French Philip II Augustus. Fred drowned. The English and French couldn’t reach inland.
Pope Innocent III
Started 4th Crusade after Saladin died weakened the Byzantine Empire back to its Constantinople and the lands around. Constantinople was captured in 1204 for 57 years before it was retaken. After 190 years the Ottoman Turks took over.
The Body of Civil Law
what Justinian made when he simplified the Roman laws. It became the basis of imperial law in the empire, and was used in the West and became the basis for much of the legal system in Europe.
Byzantine Empire
The smaller Eastern Roman Empire, it was what was left of Rome, but it had a unique character.
Macedonians
they ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867-1071, expanding its size, they made the economy prosper and restored power but then had bad rulers, creating disarray.
Why do historians consider 1066 a turning point in history?
in 1066 William of Normandy became king of England, where new rule over England occurred. It would be important because he started the bases of English monarchy, developing the kingdom, leading a starting point.
Why was the reign of King Philip II Augustus important to the growth of the French monarchy?
He expanded the power and the wealth of the monarchy greatly, conquering lands would make the monarchy flourish.
what is the origin of the term Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I first called Italy the center of a “holy empire” during his attempts to try to build a new empire rather than a German one in Eastern Frankish land.
From where did the Slavic peoples originate?
The Slavic peoples came from Central Europe and divided
How was the Viking ruling class gradually assimilated into the Slavic population?
By marrying Slavic wives.
Russia was founded by vikings and Slavs, Kiev was the capital established by Oleg the Viking
What is the significance of The Body of Civil Law?
This body would be the law in Europe and the basis of the legal system throughout Europe. These laws were simple and allowed more advanced governments to function.
How did the rise of Islam affect the Eastern Roman Empire?
It crushed the Eastern Roman Empire, reducing its size. into the small Byzantine Empire
Why was Constantinople one of medieval Europe’s greatest centers of commerce?
It was the chief center for the exchange of products between West and East– it was a trading center.
What threats, both internal and external, did the Byzantine Empire face in the eleventh century?
A series of bad rulers resulted in a greedy power struggle, the two head churches split, threatening internal collapse. The Seljuk Turks took advantage of this and decided to attack them.
What factors motivated Europeans to participate in a Crusade?
It was seen as the will of God, it was done in religious fervor, some sought adventure and loved to fight, some saw potential profit, and merchants sought new trading opportunities.
