Chapter 10 pt 2

Question 1

theology

Answer 1

The study of the religion and God, a popular subject in the Middle Ages, after getting liberal arts education.

Question 2

scholasticism

Answer 2

A philosophical and theological system, attempting to show religious faith was in harmony with reason and what is learned in life.

They wanted to reduce conflict between religious and philosophical ideas.

Question 3

vernacular

Answer 3

The language typical of a region, in the 1100s literature started publishing in these, while Latins used to learn to communicate all throughout Europe. People not in the clergy were seeking new entertainment.

Question 4

Aristotle

Answer 4

A Greek philosopher who pissed Christian theologists off because he used logic for life not faith.

Question 5

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Answer 5

Had made the most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity. He believed there were truths arrived from reason and truths from faith, but that they could not be in conflict with each other, reason alone could not derive spiritual truths, but reason could derive physical truths.

Question 6

Bologna

Answer 6

A city in Italy, where the first European university appeared

Question 7

Paris

Answer 7

Home of the first university of northern Europe

Question 8

Oxford

Answer 8

In England, those from the Parisian university left to make their own

Question 9

university

Answer 9

A product of the High Middle Ages, it means corporation/guild on its Latin root. Kings, popes, and princes thought it honorable to found new universities.

After they learned, they were lucky enough not to get tests. If they wanted a degree however they’d have to take an oral exam. That’s how they got their bachelors or masters.

And then they could have administrators, lawyers, and doctors in society

Question 10

lecture

Answer 10

The way the original universities worked is that teachers had read off books and added their own lecture. Its Latin root means “to read.”

Not that anybody cares, really

Question 11

Why were most early university courses taught as lectures?

Answer 11

Books were super expensive so the only efficient approach was if the teacher had the copy, having to read it to his students.

Question 12

Aristotle

Answer 12

a Greek philosopher, his works upset many Christian theologians because he preferred thinking over faith.

Question 13

Summa Theologica

Answer 13

A book authored by Saint Thomas Aquinas that approaches theology with an intellectual investigation, like “Does God exist?” And then opposing opinion before providing his own.

Question 14

What was the main goal of scholasticism?

Answer 14

To bring into harmony ideas of piety and ideas of logic.

Question 15

chanson de geste

Answer 15

The heroic epics of vernacular literature, it was action packed and made little role for women.

Troubadour poetry was another type, which told of a knight’s love for a dame who inspires him to become a more rockin’ knight.

Question 16

What were two popular types of vernacular literature in the twelfth century?

Answer 16

Troubadour poetry and chanson de geste, knight manly love stories and epic battle tales, respectively.

Question 17

Romanesque & Gothic

Answer 17

Styles of architecture, Romanesque refers to style previously of the Romans, a popular feature being domed stone roofs.

Gothic was a new style in the 1100s, the new stuff involving pointed roofs and ribbed vaults, resulting in taller structures. Flying buttresses were heavy arched stone support for the vaulted ceilings. They could then have pretty stained windows because the walls were thin.

Question 18

What shape were Romanesque churches usually built?

Answer 18

The basilica shape, rectangular buildings with flat roofs, though they replaced the latter with round stuff.

Question 19

Black Death

Answer 19

1300s a plague ruining the achievement of the High Middle Ages, bubonic plague spread by fleas on rats. It started in Caffa, first spread to Italy then France. The plague followed trading routes. Claimed 38 million lives

The death ruined the economy because trade declined, price for labor rose because there were little workers and food dropped price because less people needed it.

Serfs did get some freedom though because of economic pressure on lords.

Question 20

anti-semitism

Answer 20

Hostility towards Jews because the plague evidently means the Jews are to be punished.

Frequent in Germany, Jews left to Poland for protection

Question 21

Great Schism

Answer 21

After papacy returned to Rome the citizens threatened cardinals to get an Italian pope. French cardinals elected a different one who returned to Avignon, though.

Divided Europe and damaged the Church. The French and its allies chose theirs, England and its allies (enemies against France) to pope Urban VI. Both sides declared the other pope antichrist, reducing trust of both.

39 years after 1378 it ended with a church council in Switzerland. The two popes would be gone and a new one for both sides was elected.

Question 22

new monarchies

Answer 22

the reestablished states after the Hundred Years’ War of the 1400s

Louis XI had one and Henry VII after the War of the Roses. Henry VII took away nobles’ private armies and created strong royal government. He won favor of people by reasonable taxing.

Question 23

taille

Answer 23

an annual direct tax on land/property, strengthened as permanent by King Louis XI

With steady income he could rebuild the power of the French monarchy.

Question 24

Pope Boniface VIII

Answer 24

Pope in the end of the 1200s, when the RCChurch was at the height of its power. Struggled with King Philip IV.

He said pope has power over both the Church and the state, and the king couldn’t tax clergymen without his consent. He died shortly after the shock of being captured by French soldiers after escaping.

Question 25

King Philip IV

Answer 25

Fought with Pope Boniface VIII in the late 1200s, stated he had the right to tax the clergy of France. Boniface said not without my word. He sent soldiers to capture the pope for trial in France. When Boni died, Philip IV got a Frenchman Clement V for pope to ensure power.

Question 26

John Hus

Answer 26

Burned at the stake in 1415 for calling for an end to the corruption of the clergy and excessive power of the papacy. Leader of a group of Czech reformers organized during the church problems. Death of him led to Czech revolt in Bohemia not crushed for 21 years.

Question 27

Henry V

Answer 27

The English king during the Hundred Year’s War

Question 28

Isabella

Answer 28

Two kingdoms in Spain were Aragon and Castile, when Isabella (Castile) married Ferdinand of Aragon Spain was further reunified. Ruling together they were very Catholic.

Question 29

Ferdinand

Answer 29

Of Aragon, ruled with Isabella over Spain

Question 30

Avignon

Answer 30

Located in southern France, was where pope Clement V took residence, during the 72 years that popes lived there feelings for papacy worsened because popes should live in Rome.

Gregory XI was the last pope of them, finally returning back to Rome.

Question 31

Crecy

Answer 31

Presumably in France (theres supposed to be an accent on the E) this is where the first big battle of the Hundred Years’ War occurred in 1346. The French were annihilated due to disorganization and the English longbows.

The Hundred Year’s War started because Philip VI of France wanted to seize a territory Gascony in France from England, starting a war with them.

Question 32

Agincourt

Answer 32

A battle in 1415 gaining northern France for the English because the French got caught in mud.

Question 33

Orleans

Answer 33

(Accent on E) A turning point when Joan of Arc convinced the king to let her go to this battle, the army had new self-confidence due to her faith, so the French captured this place. After this the French had victory in 1453.

Question 34

What were the economic consequences of the Black Death?

Answer 34

With less workers, work had cost more, trade declined, and the price for items dropped because there was no one to take them.

Less money and less jobs.

Question 35

List the problems leading to the decline of the Church’s authority in medieval Europe.

Answer 35

The pope lived in Avignon rather than Rome for 72 years- giving mistrust, when it finally did return two popes became elected and they fought each other, calling each other an antichrist trust in popes declined.

They also further pissed off revolutionaries by killing them.

Question 36

Why was the Hundred Years’ War a turning point in the ways of warfare?

Answer 36

Instead of knights, it was peasant foot-soldiers who won chief battles.

Question 37

How did European rulers begin to recover politically after the Hundred Years’ War?

Answer 37

They were crafty, generating sources of wealth to rebuild, removing power from nobles, centralizing government, satisfying the people.