12 pt 2

Question 1

Martin Luther

Answer 1

Began the Protestant Reformation 1500s that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups

Thought salvation lay in faith not action

Question 2

Christian humanism

Answer 2

Northern Renaissance humanism, planned to reform the Catholic Church.

They believed to change society they would first affect the people, convinced reading classical and early works of Christianity would make people more religious

Question 3

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 3

a Christian humanist wrote Praise of Folly joking about the unreformed church (1509). To reform he wanted Christianity to show people how to live good lives daily not be a system. He started a basis for the Reformation (unintentionally)

Question 4

Why people called for reformation

Answer 4

Corruption, popes concerned with Italian politics and worldly interests rather than spirituality. They would lead military which would disgust people, and used church offices to gain wealth. Ordinary priests didn’t care and couldn’t tell people how to save their souls

Question 5

salvation

Answer 5

Acceptance into Heaven, people of the time wished for meaning of life and salvation. Relics became an answer.

Question 6

indulgence

Answer 6

gained through venerating relics, its release from all or part of punishment for sin. Some of these were sold as certificates by the church.

Question 7

Modern Devotion

Answer 7

a popular movement stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus, though worldly-wise clergy still didn’t care. This setting would give Luther impact.

Question 8

justification

Answer 8

An idea birthed from Martin Luther. It said one could be made right before God with faith alone. It was the chief idea behind the Protestant Reformation. The Bible became the only source of religious truth.

Question 9

The Ninety-five theses

Answer 9

Martin Luther’s attack on the abuses on the sale of indulgences. Copies were printed but pope Leo X thought he was just drunk

Question 10

baptism and the Eucharist (Communion)

Answer 10

were the only two sacraments accepted by Luther.

He thought the Church’s sacraments were uncool.

Question 11

Edict of Worms

Answer 11

Martin Luther was made an outlaw and works burned, Luther was protected by Elector Frederick of Saxony so he wasn’t killed 1522

Question 12

Lutheranism

Answer 12

State churches were formed by German rulers who thought Luther was right. With this he created a new religious service, his doctrine called Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith.

1524 he says he trusts the lords to maintain peace for religion

Question 13

Charles V

Answer 13

the Holy Roman Emperor of the time wishing to uphold his dynasty and Catholic religion. His problems involved competition with French king Francis I and Pope Clement VII (who joined against him), the Ottoman Turks and the German states did not support him.

Lutheran forces were able to organize in this time, defeating him.

Question 14

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 14

1555 an agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany allowing them to choose Protestantism if they wished. Lutheran states could have the same rights as Catholic.

Question 15

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 15

Priest in Zurich, he was cut up and burned. He led one of the reforms, banishing relics and images, and made new church services. He joined with Luther’s reformers for mutual protection, but disagreement on sacrament in the Communion led to his death.

Question 16

John Calvin

Answer 16

replaced Ulrich in Switzerland, had same idea as Luther except for emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God

Question 17

predestination

Answer 17

God had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and damned (reprobate) an idea by John Calvin

Question 18

Geneva

Answer 18

Reformist work by Calvin occurs here, made the Consistory (church body with the right to punish those deviating from principles. His success led this to be a powerful center for Protestantism.

Calvinists were inclined to believe in their duty to convert people, and Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as best.

Question 19

annul

Answer 19

declare invalid, King Henry VIII wanted the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine. He turned to English courts.

Question 20

King Henry VIII

Answer 20

In 1534 the Parliament moved to separate the Catholic Church in England with Rome. The Act of Supremacy stated the king was the new head of the English Church. He sold monasteries and was Catholic.

After death in 1547 Protestant officials ruling over his 9 year-old son made rapid changes

Question 21

Bloody Mary

Answer 21

Catherine and Henry’s daughter, in 1553 she murdered Protestants because she was Catholic but this only converted more people.

Question 22

anabaptists

Answer 22

wanted separation of state and church, idealizing towards early Christianity. They refused of the government religious and political power. They were considered terrorists and were killed.

Question 23

celibacy

Answer 23

Was banned with monasticism with Protestantism. Women could potentially be more equal, but previous inequality was still held. Rule remained with husband. With family as focus women still held important to have kids.

Question 24

Ignatius of Loyola

Answer 24

Spanish nobleman founding the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits (1540). Jesuits were dedicated to the pope and were missionaries.

They were part of the Catholic Reformation to reestablish power.

Question 25

Council of Trent

Answer 25

in Trent a group of religious heads changed the word to have faith and good actions. 7 sacraments, the Catholic Eucharist and celibacy, belief in purgatory and use not sale of indulgences was enforced.

This led to a clear doctrine and renewed unity under the pope.