Chapter 8 pt 2

Question 1

Theravada

Answer 1

A group of Buddhists considering Buddhism a way of life, not a religion centered on individual salvation. They insist understanding of the self is the way to nirvana.

Question 2

Mahayana

Answer 2

Another Buddhist group in NW India stressing nirvana could be reached with devotion to the Buddha. They said that Theravadas were too strict, thinking Buddhism is a religion not philosophy. Buddha is divine and nirvana sacred.

Question 3

Ghazni

Answer 3

An Islamic state in modern-day Afghanistan. Islam had been introduced to NW India after the Gupta Empire collapsed and there was great disunity. Arab armies didn’t spread Islam to India, rather rebellious Turkish slaves formed this state.

Question 4

Mahmud of Ghazni

Answer 4

Son of the founder of Ghazni (ruling 977-1030), expanding Ghazni nationwide vertically, attacking Hindu kingdoms.

Question 5

Rajputs

Answer 5

Hindu warriors opposing the advances of Ghazni. They failed because their elephants were too slow.

Question 6

Sultanate of Delhi

Answer 6

The Muslim state established by the successors of Mahmud. By 1200 the Muslim power engulfed the Northern India plain.

Question 7

Deccan Plateau

Answer 7

1300s the state went beyond this, in the central south.

Question 8

Timur Lenk

Answer 8

Ruler of a Mongol state in Samarkand, north of the Pamir mountains (above Pakistan somewhere). He ruined the Sultanate by waltzing in and destroying the capital of Delhi and went back on out. In 1369 he seized power in his place and went on a conquest campaign, capturing the Caspian Sea and Mesopotamia.

Question 9

Moguls

Answer 9

After Timur died, in the 1500s they were one of the two new invaders, a nomadic power from the north, the other being Portuguese traders in search for spice and gold.

Question 10

Describe the Muslim and Hindu relationship

Answer 10

Conqueror and conquered, suspicion and dislike rather than friendship. Muslims imposed many Islamic customs, and scornfully realized they could not convert them all.

Question 11

maharaja

Answer 11

“great king” they were rulers of the Indian states 500-1500s, most Indians were peasants and had a manorialism like environment. They gave a share of their harvest to landlords (tax collectors) who gave a portion of their given portion to the king. Many still lived in cities, rich people. One of the maharajas had 900 elephants (army use) and another had 1000 high-class ladies sweeping his floors and spilling cow dung before his path.

Since ancient times trade was also a source of income in India, being a center of trade due to location and having goods for worldly trade. Many Muslims and merchants would get in on this.

Question 12

Indian architecture

Answer 12

Reflected Hindu beliefs. Temples had become higher and more ornate, and buttresses (walls supporting) temples gave unity and an upward movement to temples, resembling the sacred Hindu Mount Kailasa of the Himalayas.

Question 13

Dandin

Answer 13

A master of Sanskrit prose that was established in India during the 500s-600s. He had vivid writing due to his power of observation, details of every-day life, and humor. He wrote “The Ten Princes”

Question 14

archipelago

Answer 14

Chain of islands, in SE Asia most of what is part of present-day Indonesia and the Philippines.

One of two parts of SE Asia, the other being mainland going from the southern Chinese border to the Malay Peninsula. This region never had a single government due to geographical barriers that encouraged unique individual cultures.

Question 15

Dai Viet

Answer 15

The Vietnamese state forming after the Chinese tried to conquer Vietnam in 111 BC. They used the Chinese model for central government, creating courts and emperors. It had the civil service examination for recruiting officials. Dai Viet conquered the Champa by 1500 and reached the Gulf of Thailand by 1600.

Question 16

Angkor

Answer 16

800s, a kingdom formed in present day Cambodia when Jayavarman united the Khmer people, crowned god-king in the capital Angkor Thom. Made the Khmer empire, being most powerful in mainland SE Asia

Question 17

Pagan

Answer 17

West of the Angkor, the Burman Kingdom.

Angkor had rivals from the Vietnamese, Champa, and Burmese.

Question 18

Thai

Answer 18

1400s the Thai from the north destroyed the Angkor capital after moving south from China due to the Mongol invasion, bringing them to conflict with Angkor. The Angkor people then fled SE to the capital of today Cambodia. They were unique in their Buddhist and Indian influence.

Question 19

Burma

Answer 19

West of the Thai, they migrated from Tibet to avoid Chinese armies. They took on farming after migration and also converted to Buddhism and Indian political practice. The Pagan empire was active in the sea trade in the western SE Asia. Attacks from the Mongols brought their downfall.

Question 20

The Malay

Answer 20

Tied to trade from eastern Asia to the Indian Ocean. Two organized states eventually emerged in the 700s. The srivijaya state dominated a trading route through the Strait of Malacca. The other, the Sailendra state in eastern Java. Both were influenced by Indian culture.

The final state, Majapahit, put the whole region under power, becoming the strongest in the region.

Question 21

Malaka

Answer 21

In the 1400s, the Muslims of India started converting the Majapahit through an Islamic state formed in Melaka, on the western coast of the Malay Peninsula. The town became a major trading port, and merchants and the religion started spreading over Majapahit, adding it to the Sultanate of Malaka.

Question 22

agricultural society

Answer 22

economy based mostly on farming; Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan, Sailendra

Question 23

trading society

Answer 23

economy based on trade for income; Srivijaya and the Sultanate of Melaka.

Trade expanded with the forming of states and Muslim conquest, demand for spices also ading to trade. As wealth grew everywhere, so did demand. Arabs and Indians came to trade for the pepper, cinnamon, and woods the wealthy of China and Europe wanted.

Question 24

Describe the SE Asian social structure

Answer 24

At the top, hereditary aristocrats, who held political power and wealth. Then the aristocrats, both lived in cities. All the rest lived outside, being the peasants, merchants, and artisans. Most people were rice farmers. Women in this society were equal to men.

Question 25

Angkor Wat

Answer 25

Famous Angkor temple combining Indian architectural techniques and native inspiration. Its the Asian equivalent to the Egyptian Great Pyramid, taking 40 years to complete.

Kings controlled the mixing of Hindu gods with local ones, and Theravada Buddhism became popular because it required no priests or rulers, and was tolerant of faith (being a philosophy)