Chapter 9: Practice Quiz Questions

Question 1

The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

Answer 1

frustration–aggression hypothesis

Question 2

According to Adorno, the __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

Answer 2

authoritarian personality

Question 3

__________ refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment: a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant-group) workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate-group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.

Answer 3

Split labor market

Question 4

Despite decades of enforcement of civil rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. This is an example of __________.

Answer 4

de facto segregation

Question 5

__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.

Answer 5

Lynching

Question 6

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton’s typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.

Answer 6

unprejudiced discriminator

Question 7

Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis?

Answer 7

symbolic interactionism

Question 8

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.

Answer 8

direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 9

The “Trail of Tears” was an intentional act of __________.

Answer 9

forced migration

Question 10

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________.

Answer 10

genocide

Question 11

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Answer 11

Symbolic interactionists

Question 12

The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

Answer 12

genocide

Question 13

Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.

Answer 13

authoritarian personality

Question 14

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?

Answer 14

Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments

Question 15

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

Answer 15

subordinate group

Question 16

Sociologists sometimes put the term “race” in quotation marks because_________________.

Answer 16

they recognize that the term “race” has little meaning in a biological sense

Question 17

One shortcoming of split-labor-market theory is that it_________________________.

Answer 17

fails to address the interactive effects of gender, race, and class in the workplace

Question 18

__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

Answer 18

Race

Question 19

__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.

Answer 19

Internal colonialism

Question 20

The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

Answer 20

contact hypothesis

Question 21

An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton’s typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a (n) __________.

Answer 21

prejudiced discriminator

Question 22

In the United States today, African Americans make up about __________ of the population.

Answer 22

13.2 percent

Question 23

__________ is still prevalent in many U.S. cities, where owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for “whites only.”

Answer 23

De facto segregation

Question 24

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

Answer 24

isolate discrimination

Question 25

Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality?

Answer 25

Native Americans

Question 26

An important contribution of the caste perspective is_________________________.

Answer 26

acknowledging the seemingly permanent nature of racism due to structural elements in society

Question 27

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.

Answer 27

the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families

Question 28

__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.

Answer 28

Affirmative action

Question 29

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

Answer 29

Individual

Question 30

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Answer 30

Symbolic interactionists

Question 31

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

Answer 31

stereotypes

Question 32

The theory of __________ states that racial and ethnic relations in the United States have been shaped to a large extent by actions and policies of the government.

Answer 32

racial formation

Question 33

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Answer 33

institutional

Question 34

In the United States, in __________, for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the Census as being of more than one race.

Answer 34

2000

Question 35

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

Answer 35

isolate

Question 36

The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the “inferiority” of members of a racial or ethnic group.

Answer 36

overt racism

Question 37

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.

Answer 37

direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the characteristics shared by ethnic groups?

Answer 38

unique cultural traits, such as language and clothing

Question 39

Which of the following is a criticism of the internal colonialism perspective that is rooted in the conflict perspective?

Answer 39

It does not explain the continued exploitation of some immigrant groups, such as the Chinese, Filipinos, Cubans, Vietnamese, and Haitians.

Question 40

In the context of functionalist perspectives on race and ethnic relations, __________ occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group.

Answer 40

structural assimilation

Question 41

The way that people are classified in the United States is important because such classifications:

Answer 41

affect their access to employment, social services, and federal aid

Question 42

Some conflict theorists emphasize the caste-like nature of racial stratification. They suggest that the caste system in the United States was strengthened by __________, which prohibited sexual intercourse or marriage between persons of different races.

Answer 42

antimiscegenation laws

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of Puerto Rican Americans in the United States?

Answer 43

They have higher levels of educational attainment than the Hispanic population overall

Question 44

Which of the following sociological perspectives on race and ethnic relations is associated with gendered racism?

Answer 44

the symbolic interactionist perspective

Question 45

Which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States in terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health?

Answer 45

Native Americans

Question 46

The perspective of __________ includes the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people.

Answer 46

critical race theory

Question 47

The __________ states that interaction between people from divergent groups should result in favorable attitudes and behavior when certain factors are present.

Answer 47

contact hypothesis

Question 48

According to sociologist Robert Blauner, groups that have been subjected to __________ remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States.

Answer 48

internal colonialism