Chapter 10: Practice Quiz Questions Flashcards
According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________.
women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities
According to the text’s discussion of peers and gender socialization,_____________________.
peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender
In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.
horticultural
Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.
intersexed
Earnings differences between men and women are widest for __________.
white and Asian Americans
__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.
Subsistence
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the wife assumes the __________ tasks of providing affection and emotional support for the family.
expressive
__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Gender role
At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual’s sex.
secondary sex characteristics
The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.
gender belief system
In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
liberal feminism
__________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.
Labor market segmentation
Which of these countries was the last to offer legal recognition of gay and lesbian marital relationships?
United States
Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women’s and men’s earnings.
pay gap
The __________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.
technoeconomic base
When sexual harassment is reported to teachers, _____________________.
the problem is often ignored
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the husband performs the __________ tasks of providing economic support and making decisions.
instrumental
Women of color are more likely than white women to be concentrated in which of these types of jobs?
public-sector employment
Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
patriarchy
The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.
gendered institutions
In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that_____________________.
male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do “masculine” things than female peer groups place on girls to do “feminine” things
__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.
Pay equity
According to Marx and Engels,__________________________.
monogamous marriage is the creation of the capitalist class
__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
Postindustrial societies
__________ in the social world is/are gendered.
Virtually everything
According to __________, male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism.
radical feminism
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2014 __________ percent of all secretaries in the United States were women, and __________ percent of all mechanical engineers in the United States were men.
93; 91
In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that _________________________.
the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most
In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?
having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex.
cross-dresser
The best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________.
the gender pay gap
Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.
the purchase of children’s toys that reflect the parents’ gender expectation
__________ refers to an individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
Sexual orientation
“Women’s roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. This division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled. It also provides for family members.” This statement is consistent with the __________.
functionalist perspective
__________ is a person’s perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.
Gender identity
__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
Sexism
__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.
Industrialization
In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?
hunting and gathering
__________ refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence.
Pastoralism
According to functional analysts such as Talcott Parsons, __________.
women’s roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies
__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.
Body consciousness
According to liberal feminism, __________.
the roots of women’s oppression lie in women’s lack of equal civil rights and educational opportunities
Which of the following statements is true about gender stratification in horticultural and pastoral societies?
In horticultural societies, neither sex controls the food supply
Which of the following statements is true about gender socialization in schools?
Boys express much more favorable attitudes toward physical exertion and exercise than girls do
Most crossdressers are __________.
heterosexual men
Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of __________.
a third sex
One dimension of the objectification of women is that __________.
women are responded to primarily as “females” and their personal qualities are of secondary importance
In the context of gender-segregated work in the United States, the text notes that __________.
more than half of all men or all women workers would have to change occupations to eliminate gender-segregated jobs
Which of the following statements is true about gender socialization?
a. Parents are more likely to assign maintenance chores to boys.
b. Boys are less likely to be paid for doing chores at home than girls.
c. Parents tend to give baby boys more gentle treatment.
d. Boys are more often engaged in cooperative play in toy commercials.
a. Parents are more likely to assign maintenance chores to boys.
__________ refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations and jobs.
Gender-segregated work
