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family development > chapter 9 (part of): physical and cognitive development in adolescence > Flashcards

chapter 9 (part of): physical and cognitive development in adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

genetic mechanisms for maturation

A
  • identical twins resemble each other more that other siblings
  • timing of menarche for mothers and daughters is correlated
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2
Q

environtmental mechanisms of maturation

A
  • better nutrition= earlier puberty

- earlier menarche is seen in girls with much family conflict

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3
Q

psychological effect of body image

A
  • adolescnence worry about this more than any other age
  • girls worry about it more that boys
  • girls are more likely to dislike their appearance
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4
Q

psychological response to menarche

A
  • girls are pleased at signs of maturity
  • irritated by period
  • most girls know what to de because their moms told them already
  • tell mom before friends
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5
Q

psychological response to spermarche

A
  • boys are usually prepared through reading rather than parents
  • they dont really tell anyone
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6
Q

moodiness in adolescence

A
  • more moody than any other age
  • mood changes depending on the environment
  • relationship b\w mood and hormones is mild
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7
Q

psychological effect of early maturation in girls

A
  • lack self-confidence
  • less popular
  • depressed
  • behavioural problems
  • smoke and drink
  • engage in early sex
  • teen pregnancy
  • worse jobs
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8
Q

psychological effects of early maturation on boys

A
  • some studies say that they date more and feel better about their physical capabilities
  • some show that they are stressed about being off time
  • some show that they’re stressed by puberty in general, but not the timing of it
  • most studies say that any effects are temporary (unlike girls)
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9
Q

nutritional needs in adolesence

A

-teens need more calories, calcium, and iron

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10
Q

body mass index

A

an adjusted ratio of weight to height, used to determine if someone is overweight

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11
Q

risks of obesity in chldhood

A
  • peer rejection
  • low self esteem
  • high blood pressure and diabetes
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12
Q

hereditary influence on obesity

A

weight correlates with biological parents, not adoptive

  • genes may influence activity levels
  • genes influence basal metabolic rate
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13
Q

the role invironment plays in obesity

A
  • tv advertisement encourages consumption of fattening foods

- parents may encourage overeating when they tell kids to finish the food on their plates

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14
Q

what does an effective weight loss program for youth look like

A
  • it focuses on, changing eating habits, encouraging activity rather than sedentary behaviour
  • children learn to monitor these things with goals and rewards
  • parents are trained to help kids with these things
  • parents also monitor their owl lifestyle to be sure that they arent encouraging obesity in their child
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15
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

refusing to eat, along with the irrational fear of being overweight

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16
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

disease in which people alternate b\w binge eating and purging with vomiting and laxitives

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17
Q

risk factors for anorexia and bulimia

A
  • hereditary
  • history of eating probs (picky/pica)
  • negative self esteem
  • mood and anxiety dissorders
  • overly concerned with weight
  • history of dieting
18
Q

risk factor of only anorexia

A

overprotective parents

19
Q

bulimia specific risk factors

A

childhood obesity

20
Q

risk factors for anorexia and bulemia in boys

A
  • childhood obesity
  • low self-esteem
  • pressure from parents and peers to lose weight
  • participation in sports that emphasize being lean
21
Q

factors of effective anorexia and bulemia prevention programs

A
  • enable youth to become involved and learn new skills such as how to resist socail pressure
  • change attitudes towards thinness
  • change behaviours such as dieting and overeating
22
Q

physical activity in adolescence

A
  • most are not active enough for health
  • the amount that are sufficiently active decreases with age
  • schools have been decreasing availability of p.e. classes
23
Q

effects of participating in sports

A
  • increases physical fitness
  • enhanced self esteem
  • learn to take initiative
  • teamwork and competitiveness
  • learn social skills
  • cause injuries
  • encourage the use of steroids
24
Q

sleep in adolescence

A
  • need about 9-10 hours per night
  • more homework, part-time jobs, and social activities interfere with getting enough sleep
  • lack of sleep can influence school performance, mood, and activities that require allertness
25
Q

things that threaten well being in adolescence

A
  • most are associated with risk taking behaviour (most teens underestimate personal risk)
  • biggest risks include: impaired/reckless driving, risky tricks on skateboards and bikes, unprotected sex, use of illegal substances
26
Q

piaget’s formal operational period

A
  • teens are able to apply psychological operations to abstract entities as well as concrete ones
  • capable of deductive reasoning (even when it involves things that arent facts)
27
Q

2 questionable aspects of piaget’s formal operational period

A
  1. formal-operational thinking as a capacity

2. formal operations as an endpoint

28
Q

improvement of information processing in adolescence

A
  • adolescence is a time when cognitive processes are tweaked

- most abilities are in place, but there is room for improvement

29
Q

working memory and processing speed in adolescence

A

-increased myelination gives teens the abilities of young adults

30
Q

ways in which content knowledge, strategies, and metacognitive skill are better in adolescence

A
  • they have more content knowledge than children, so they can learn from more experiences
  • better at choosing and monitoring strategies for tasks
  • can solve problems more analytially
  • better at finding weaknesses in arguments
31
Q

ways in which content knowledge, strategies, and metacognitive skill are held back in adolescence

A
  • its greatly impacted by pre-existing beliefs

- teens are selective in using their reasoning skills, depending on the benifits to them at the time

32
Q

lawrence kohlberg

A

studied moral reasoning

  • did this by giving people moral dilemmas and asking them what the protagonist would do and why
  • said that there were 3 basic levels of reasoning (each having two stages)
33
Q

Kohlberg’s theory: preconventional level

A
  • first level of reasoning, where moral reasoning is based on external forces
  • obedience orientation (stage1): moral reasoning is based on the belief that adults know best
  • instrumental orientation (stage 2): moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for ones own needs
34
Q

Kohlberg’s theory: conventional level

A

second level, moral reasoning is based on societies norms

  • interpersonal norms (stage3): moral reasoning is based on winning the approval of others
  • social system morality (stage 4): moral reasoning is based on maintaining order in society
35
Q

Kohlberg’s theory: postconventional level

A

morality is based on personal moral code

  • social contact (stage 5): moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are right and good
  • universal ethical principles (stage 6): moral reasoning is based on moral principles that apply to everyone
36
Q

things that back up Kohlberg’s theory:

A
  • people more through his stages in that sequence

- there is a correlation b\w moral reasoning and moral behaviour

37
Q

things that contradict Kohlberg’s theory:

A
  • moral reasoning isnt always consistent (people may think in different ways at different times)
  • reasoning beyond stage 2-3 isnt consistent across cultures
38
Q

cultural differences in moral reasoning from Kohlberg’s theory:

A

-individual rights and justice (which he emphasized) are important in north american culture and judeo-christian theology but not in other cultures (hindus emphasize duty and responsibility to others)

39
Q

gilligan’s argument against Kohlberg’s theory:

A

says that even in NA, the theory is male specific (males focus on justice, females focus on care)
-the difference however is actually very small

40
Q

what promotes higher moral reasoning in teens

A

-exposure to more advanced moral reasoning
-discussing moral issues with someone at a higher level in moral reasoning
-involvement in religion (through doctrine, and seeing caring people)
-

41
Q

hormonal mechanisms of maturation

A
  • pituitary gland releases growth hormone and signals other glands to release hormones
  • elementary school: adrenal glands release androgens, which will produce body hair
  • later: ovaries release estrogen, testes release testosterone

family development (13 decks)

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