chapter 8: socioecinomical development in middle childhood Flashcards
acculturation
the process that immigrant families undergo to participate in and accept the new culture of a dominant society
what happens to a kid when they find out that they are getting a sibling
- are usually excited and distressed
- they enjoy playing with the baby, and caring for the baby
- they have withdrawl and regression because of less attention being placed on them
how do younger siblings relate to older siblings
- as they age they are more likely to talk to older siblings than parents
- they learn games and tasks from older siblings
- they are more likely to be popular and get good grades if their older siblings do
factors that affect sibling relationships
sex age how parents treat children how parents treat each other (if kids get along in childhood they usually will as adults)
in which ways are adopted kids more like their biological parents
temperment
mother-infant attachment
self-esteem
cognitive development
problems that adopted children are more prone to
problems adjusting to school
conduct dissorders
differences in the ways that parents treat first born children
- they have higher expectations
- they are more affectionare
- the are more punitive
differences in first born children compared to other siblings
- they have higher IQ scores
- are more likely to do post-secondary education
- are more willing to comply with parents’ and other adults’ request
differences in the ways that parents treat later-born children
- they have more realistic expectations
- are mroe relaxed in discipline
differences in later born children in comparison to other siblings
- less concerned with pleasing adults
- more popular with peers
- are more innovative
differences in only children
more sucess in school
-higher levels of: intelligence, leadership, autonomy, maturity
children of divorce have more problems with:
school achievement conduct adjustment self-concept parent-child relationships
after childhood, kids of divorce are more likely to:
- become teenage parents
- get divorced
- have lower life satisfaction
- become depressed
aspects of divorce that influence development
- loss of a role model, source of parental help, and emotional support, and supervisor
- economic hardship (this may increase stress and affect parental behaviour)
- parental conflict (distresses the kids)
factors in kids that make divorce harder on them
- if they are in childhood or adolescence (as opposed to preschool, or post secondary years)
- if they are more emotional
- if they interpret events negatively
- if they dont actively cope with problems brought on by divorce
children of divorce fare better when parents:
- explain why they are getting a divorce
- tell the kids what to expect
- let the kid know that they are loved
- remain involved with the kid
- dont criticize each other to the kids
blended family :
when there is a biological parent, a step parent, and children
when is it more difficult to adjust to a blended family
- if the kid is in adolescents
- if the kid is a girl
- when there are also step siblings
things that make adjusting to blended family easier
- if the stepfather is interested in the stepchildren, but doesnt intrude on their relationship with their mother
- mother doesnt let being with new spouce take away from her affection or time that she spends with her kids
- if everyone has realistic expectations
elements of friendship in: younger children, older elementary school, adolescence
younger children: mutually liking and playing together
older elementary school children: mutual liking and playing together, trust and assistance
adolescence: mutually liking and playing together, trust and assistance, and intimacy
friends are usually similar in:
age
gender
race
attitude towards school, recreation, drug use, plans for the future
what are the two types of people that have same sex friends?
really popular and socially skilled kids, who have both genders of friends
-and really unpopular people who are rejected by other same sex peers
what happens when kids have better friends?
- they have higher self-esteem
- less likely to become lonely and depressed
- act prosocially
- cope better with life stresses
- less likely to be bullied
- greater self worth as young adults
co-rumination
it is when friends discuss each others personal problems
- it is more common in girls
- strengthens relationships
- increases risk of depression and anxiety
when are there hazards in peoples friendships
- when agressive kids are friends (they encourage one anothers aggressive behaviour)
- kids that do risky things may encourage other kids to do the same
clique
small group of friends that are similar in age, sex, and race
crowd
large group with many cliques that have similar attitudes or values
- usually seen in older kids, and adolescents
- people in higher status crowds have higher self-esteem
what influences a child’s crowd membership?
- interests
- abilities
- parenting styles
dominance hierarchy
the order of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status
what determines your position in your group
- in younger boys it is physical power
- in older girls and boys it is the individual traits that relate to the groups function
in what situations is peer pressure most powerful?
- when the kid is younger and more socially anxious
- if the peers have a higher status
- if the peers are friends
- if the standards for appropriate behaviour are not clear
popular kid
somone who is liked by many
rejected kid
someone who is disliked by many
controversial kids
kids that are either both liked and disliked by many
average kids
kids that are not liked or disliked enough to be popular, rejected, or controversial
neglected kids
kids that are just basically ignored
2 subtypes of popular kids
- academically and socially skilled kids who are friendly, cooperative, and good at communication
- aggressive kids (physically aggressive for boys, and relationally aggressive for girls)
2 subtypes of rejected kids
- kids that are overly agressive, hyperactive, socially unskilled, and unable to regulate their emotions
- kids that are shy, withdrawn, timid, and lonely
causes of being a rejected kid
- parents that are combative, and deal with interpersonal conflict using aggression and intimidation
- if there is an intervention that teaches the kid better social skills it can decrease the risk of rejection
rejected kids are more likely to:
drop out of school
- commit juvenile offences
- suffer from psychopathy
2 key elements that make up bullying
- agressive behaviour from a position of power
- repetition of behaviour over time
instrumental agression
aggression used to achieve an explicit goal
hostile agression
basically, aggression done with the sole purpose of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating the other person
relational agression
aggression in which children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
kids that are more aggressive are more likely to:
- drop out or fail
- be unemployed
- always show aggressive behaviour
kids are more likely to be victim of bullying if:
- agressive themselves, and are easily baited
- when they are withdrawn and submissive, and cant defend themselves
kids that are victims of bullying can be helped by:
- teaching them to not respend to the bullying
- increase their self-esteem
- help them create friendships with peers
kids that are chronic victims of aggression are more likely to:
- be lonely, anxious or depressed
- dislike schoo;
- have low self esteem
- be really lonely even many years after the bullying is over
two common misconceptions about tv
- short segments mean less attention span
- ready-made stories lead to less creativity
describing others in: early school age, later in middle childhood, and adolescence
early school age: concrete characteristics such appearance and possessions
later in middle childhood: concrete characteristics and psychological traits
adolescence: integrating psychological traits into a cohesive description
what are selman’s stages of perspective-taking: undifferentiated
3-6yr
-kids know that self and others have different thought, but often confuse the two
selman’s stages of perspective-taking: social-informational
4-9yr
kids know that perspectives change because people have access to different info
selman’s stages of perspective-taking: self reflective
7-12 yrs
kids can put themselves in others’ shoes, and know that others can do the same
selman’s stages of perspective-taking: third person
10-15 yrs
they can look outside the situation and see how they and the other person would be viewed by a third person
selman’s stages of perspective-taking: societal
14yrs to adult
realize that the third person perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts
recursive thinking
reasoning in the manner of “he thinks that she thinks…”
-this emerges at about 5-6
prejudice:
this is a view of other people that is usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group
-in kids it is mostly from an enhanced view of their own group, and thinking that all others suck
when is prejudice the worst?
before middle childhood (they start realizing that prejudice is unacceptable), and during, and after adolescence (adolescence start to internalize the prejudices taht they are exposed to, and they start finding a group that they belong to and think is better)
socialization
teaching children the values, roles and behaviours of their culture
