chapter 1 Flashcards
(72 cards)
continuity vs. discontinuity
the debate over whether or not the way we develop is just a straight line, or if it is drastically changes many times by certain things that happen to us
eg: can we tell if a person is going to be a nice person when they grow up based on how they act as a child or can things that happen to them change how nice they are, so that we cant predict it
universal vs. context-specific development issue
debate over whether we all follow one path of development or whether we are all different (to what extent are we all part of the same theme, or is it really really different)
what is the biopsychological framework?
the idea that development results from interacting forces
what are the 4 interacting forces of the biopsychosocial framework?
biological
psychological
sociocultural
life-cycle
biopsychological framework: biological forces
all genetic and health-related factors that affect development
biopsychological framework: psychological forces
all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development (so basically all the stuff in your brain and the way that you think that could affect your development)
biopsychological framework: sociocultural factors
all interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development (so the way that society, and our place in society shapes us)
biopsychological framework: life-cycle
differences in how the same event may affect people of different ages
neuroscience: define and methods
the study of the brain and the nervous system (especially brain-behaviour relationships)
- so how the brain interacts with other things to cause the behaviours that we exhibit
- methods: molecular analysis of brain cells, CT, and PET scans,fMRIs
what is a developmental theory? and what are the developmental theories that are relevant today. (5)
it is an organized set of ideas that explains development
- psychodynamic theory
- learning theory
- cognitive-developmental theory
- ecological and systems theory
- theories involving the life-span perspective
psychodynamic theory
the theory that human behaviour is said to be guided by motives and drives that we are not often conscious of
sigmund freud and psychodynamic theory
he said that personality develops when a child desires something but there is conflict between that and what society demands
psychosocial theory and the epigenetic principle (is a psychodynamic theory)
-was proposed by erik erikson
-the idea that personality develops from the interaction of maturation and societal demands ( stages of maturation and the conflict in each stage)
epigenetic principle: the view that each psychosocial stage has its own period of importance in a persons life
what are the 8 stages of psychosocial development?
- basic trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 yr) (can i trust the world?)
- autonomy v. shame& doubt (1-3) (is it ok to move around and explore?)
- initiative v. guilt (3-6) (is it ok for me to do, move and act?take initiative?)
- industry v. inferiority (6-adolescence) (can i make it in the world of people and things? hard work and wanting what our friends have)
- identity v. identity confusion (12-20) (who am i and what can i be?)
- intimacy v. isolation (20-40) (can i/ do i want to love?)
- generativity v. stagnation (40-65) (can i make my life count? will i do stuff to help society, or will i be selfish and feel bad about it)
- integrity v. despair (65+) (is it ok to have been me? will you be ok with your life or have regrets)
learning theory
emphasizes the role of experience
- this takes the nurture rather than nature approach
- (major learning theories are behaviourism and social learning theory)
behaviourism (a learning theory)
john watson said that we enter the world as blank slates, basically means that we are all the same in the beggining so we can do whatever we want given the right circumstances
behaviourism: operant conditioning
studied by b.f. skinner
- says that the consequences of a behaviour determines whether or not we do that again
- the two basic principles are rienforcment and punishment
behaviourism: operant conditioning: rienforcement
consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated in the future
- positive reinforcement: add reward to encourage after behaviour
- negative reinforcement: remove something bad to encourage behaviour
behaviourism: operant conditioning: punishment
consequence that decreases the likelihood that you will do something again
- positive punishment: add negative stimulus (spanking)
- negative punishment: remove something presant
social learning theory
-the idea that we learn through imitation (by watching those around us)
social cognitive theory is a learning theory
social cognitive theory (a social learning theory)
albert bandara’s idea was that thinking and direct reinforcement and punishment were very important to shaping behaviour
-there was the idea that we were likely to immitate someone’s behaviour if: the person was rewarded for their behaviour, and if they are someone we look up to (we believe taht if we see someone do it then we can do it too)
cognitive-developmental theory (and the 3 major approaches to studying it)
this theory focuses on how the way we think changes over time
3 major approaches: piaget’s theory, information processing theory, sociocultural approach
jean piaget (sociocultural approach)
- founded the field of cognitive development
- saw children as little scientists in the way that they experiment with things to gain knowledge
Piaget’s theory: four stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
- preoperational stage (2-6)
- concrete operational stage (7-12)
- formal operational stage (12-and beyond)
