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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the neuron

A

Axon, dendrite, perikaryon

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2
Q

Describe the function of neuron

A

Polarization and depolarization

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3
Q

Describe the functions of neuroglia

A

structural and functional support to neurons
Protection to neurons

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4
Q

Differentiate between white and gray matter

A

Gray contains most of the neuron cell bodies - very superficial in brain and deep in spinal cord
White contains most of the myelinated nerve fibers - deep in brain and superficial in spinal column

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5
Q

Describe the function of afferent nerves

A

Conduct impulses towards CNS
Also called sensory nerves

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6
Q

Describes the function of efferent nerves

A

Conduct impulses away from CNS
Also called motor nerves

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7
Q

List the components of the central nervous system

A

(Brain and spinal cord)
Main features
-neuron cell bodies
-myelinated and unmyelinated nerve cells
-Glia cells
White and gray matter

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8
Q

List the components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous System

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9
Q

Differentiate btween autonomic and somatic nervous systems

A

Autonomic system
-Coordination of autonomic system
- digestive juices, heart rate, etc
Somatic System
-conscious or voluntary control of skeletal systems

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10
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Usually cause influx of Na so postsynaptic membrane moves towards threshold
Acetylcholine
norepineprhine -fight or flight
epineprhine - fight or flight
dopamine - autonomic

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11
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Makes inside of cell more negative, moving the charge within postsynaptic membrane further from threshold
Acetylcholine
norepinephrine -fight or flight
dopamine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
glycine
serotonin
endorphins

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12
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the cerebrum

A

learning and intelligence
largest part of brain in mamals
white and gray matter
two cerebral hemispheres divided by a longitudinal
surface covered with gyri separated by sutures and sulci (small grooves)
cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the cerebellum

A

white and gray matter
2nd largest part ofbrain
caudal to cerebrum
allows body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes

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14
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the diencephalon

A

does not have clearly defined white and gray matter
passageway between brain and cerebrum
Temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, rage and anger
Thalamus - relay station for regulatory sensory inputs to cerebrun
hypothalamus = interface between nervous system and endocrine system
pituitary - endocrine master gland

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15
Q

Endocrine and nervous system compare and contrast

A

nervous system
uses chemicals to carry messages
- neurotransmitters -produced by neurons
-travel short distances across synapses
-allow system to react quickly

Endocrine system
- Uses chemicals to carry messages
-hormones secrete directly into the blood stream
-travel long distances to reach targets
-body reacts more slowly to change

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16
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the brain stem

A

Automatic function of the brain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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17
Q

Describe the connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges are made of
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

Not connective tissue but also surrounding the brain
Gray matter
White matter

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Called CSF
cushions
between the layers of the meniges and the canals and cavities of brain and spinal column
May play a role of autonomic functions such as respiration and vomiting

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19
Q

List the cranial nerves and describe their functions

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
III - Oculomotor -
IV- trochlear -
V- trigeminal -
VI- abducent
VII- Facial
VIII vestibulocochlear
VIIII- Glossopharyngeal -
X- Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII Hypoglossal

(dorsal sensory, ventral motor)

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

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20
Q

Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic - flight or fight
Parasympathetic - rest or restore (or rest and digest)

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21
Q

Describe the components of reflex arc

A

Receptors→sensory neuron→spinal cord→motor neuron→muscles.

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22
Q

List reflexes

A

Stretch reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed extensor reflex
palpebral reflex
pupillary light reflex

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23
Q

stretch reflex

A

Simple monosynaptic or two neuron reflex arc

When your patellar ligament is tapped

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24
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

Also called flexor reflex

moving limb away from hot stove

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25
crossed extensor reflex
Afferent sensory impulse crosses to the other side of the spinal cord and stimulates muscles that extend the opposite limb Stepping on a sharp tack
26
papebral reflex
light tap on medial canthus produces blink less important receptors on eyelid margins - travels via sensory neurons in CN V to the pons Synapses with neurons in pons Travels via CN VII to muscles that blink
27
pupillary light reflex
A normal response to shining the light in the eye of animal is for *both* eyes to constrict.
28
Nervous system overview
Electronic communication system within body Control and integrates all body activities within the limits of life 3 basic functions - Stimulus --- sensory receptors -Processing - interpreting and remembering -Response -- reacting to changes with effectors ---- motor functions ---- glandular functions
29
Organization of the nervous system
CNS -brain -spinal cord PNS -spinal nerves -cranial autonomic system -Parasympathetic -sympathetic
30
Mixed nerves
Contain both efferent and afferent nerves Most nerves in PNS are mixed nerves
31
Nervous system response pathway
*Sensory division - somatic and visceral nerve fibers conduct afferent impulses *PNS-Cranial and spinal nerves (communication line between CNS/Spine and rest of body) *CNS -Brain and spinal cord- integrate and control what's happening *PNS passes efferent signals to *Motor Division - conducts efferent impulses from CNS to effectors *Autonomic or Somatic System
32
Neurons
Basic functional unit of the nervous system Have a high requirement for oxygen Cannot reproduce but can regenerate cell processes Have support and protection from neuroglia cells
33
neuroglia cells
Helper nerve cells Smaller and more numerous
34
neuron cell body
Soma or perikaryon Processes information
35
Axons
Also called nerve fibers Efferent - conducts nerve impulses away Single, long process May be covered with myelin sheath
36
Dendrites
Afferent - Bring the nerve impulse to the cell body (receive) Short, numerous and multibranched May serve as sensory receptor
37
Myelin sheath
Cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped around an axon -two most common -- oligodendrocytes- CNS -- Schwann cells -in nerves outside the CNS
38
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers are bundles of axons
39
Mylen Sheath Neves
Conduct messages faster than non-myelinated
40
Myelinated axons
multiple oligodendrocytes (CNS) or schwann cells (PNS) cover entire length of axon Nodes of Ranvier - the gaps between the adjacent glial cells - increased rate of transmission
41
Neuron Function Overview
Sodium Potassium Pump (up the down elevator) -Specialized molecule to maintain resting potential -Pumps Sodium to the outside of the cell -Pumps potassium inside the cell Resting membrane potential -difference in electrical charge across the membrane - net negative charge
42
Nerve Impulse
Resting membrane potential Depolarization - sodium rushes in cell Repolarization- Potassium rushes out to rebalance Refractory (Resting) period- requires lots of ATP
43
Threshhold stimulus
Sufficient stimulus to make neuron respond and cause a wave of depolarization (nerve impulse) - All or nothing principle- neuron depolarizes to it's maximum strength or not at all -Conduction of action potential -spreading of wave -open sodium channels in sufficient numbers to allow depolarlization
44
Depolarization
Neuron receives external stimulus Na channel opens on neuron cell membrane Na ions flow into cell by passive diffusion - charge now positive in cell - switching of negative to positive is an action potential
45
Repolarization
Na channel closes K+ channel opens K+ diffuses out of cell Net charge is returning to negative
46
Refractory Period
Repolarization ends Na-K+ pump moves Na outside and K+ ions in, back to it's original sides Lots of ATP need Resting state restored Neuron insensitive to additional stimuli Absolute refractory period - during Na influx and early potassium outflow Relative refractory period during the end of the repolarization period - may be possible to stimulate another depolarization if stimulus is very large
47
Saltatory
Moves along myelinated nerve fibers faster
48
Synapse
the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell
49
synaptic cleft
the gap between two adjacent neurons
50
presynaptic neuron
releases neurotrasnmitter brings depolarization to synapse
51
presynaptic neuron
releases neurotrasnmitter brings depolarization to synapse
52
postsynaptic neuron
contains receptors for neuortransmitter
53
Synaptic transmission
Perpetuation of the nerve impulse from one nerve to the next -axon -telodendrion - terminal bouton (synaptic bulb or knob) -vesicles Depolarization wave causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitters into cleft Need to find the correct, specific receptors
54
Telodendrion
The branched end of an axon , each branch terminates in a neurotransmitter-filled synaptic end bulb
55
catecholamines
norepinephrine dopamine epinephrine
56
Recycling Neurotransmitters
Body's way of stopping the effects of neurotransmitters acetylcholinesterase -enzyme found on postsynaptic transmitter -breaks down acetylcholine monoamine oxidase (MAO) -breaks down norepinephrine
57
Types of nerves
Sensory Motor Mixed - all spinal nerves Note- nerves are bundles of neurons
58
Types of neurons
Sensory neurons Motor neurons interneurons
59
Nerve tracts
Bundles of axons in CNS -either sensory, motor, or mixeda
60
brainstem
many cranial nerves originate here basic support functions of life medulla oblongata pons midbrain
61
meninges
connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord supplies nutrients, oxygen and cushioning dura mater - thick, fibrous for protection arachnoid -delicate, spiderweb like - connective tissue pia mater - surface of brain, very thin "hugs the gray matter"
62
Blood-brain barrier
Functional barrier separating the capillaries of the brain from the nervous tissue itself. Made of astrocytes (neuroglia)
63
Spinal cord
Caudal continuation of brain stem outside the skull Dorsal nerve roots Ventral nerve roots Dorsal horns Central horns central canal - filled with CSF composed of gray matter on inside white matter on outside
64
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves in PNS originate from brain 10 of the 12 nerves attached to the brain stem -
65
Spinal Nerves
36 pairs in dogs
66
Spinal nerve pathway
67
reflex
Stimulous response that bipasses the brain 4 types - somatic automatic contralateral
68
Olfactory nerve
Sensory smell mnemonic - Oh - olfactory Six - sensory
69
Optic nerve
sensory vision mnemonic - Orgasmic -Optic Sailors - sense oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
70
mnemonic
Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
71
Oculomotor -
motor (eye movement, pupil size, focusing) mnemonic Orgasmic - oculomotor Made- motor Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
72
-Trochlear
motor (eye movement) mnemonic Torrential - trochlear Merry- motor Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
73
Trigeminal
sensory (head and teeth/chewing) mnemonic triumph- trigeminal but -both Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
74
Abducent
motor eye movement mnemonic arousal -abducent my- motor Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
75
Facial
Both (face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste) mnemonic Forcing- facial Butthole- both Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
76
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory- balance, hearing mnemonic Violent- vestibulocochlear Said- sensory Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
77
Glossopharyngeal
both (tongue movement, swallowing mnemonic Gloating- glossopharyngeal Big- both Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing a vocal gloating violent spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
78
Vagus
Both- sensory from GI tract and reparatory tree, motor throat area and motor abdominal thoracic regions mnemonic Violent- vagus Bounces- both Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating violent spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
79
Spinal Accessory
Motor -head Mnemonic Spasmodic- Spinal accessory Make - motor Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating violent spasmodic high Six sailor made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
80
Hypoglossol
Motor- tongue Mnemonic High0 Hypoglossol Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating, violent, spasmodic high Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes
81
Contralateral reflexes
Start on one side of the body and cross to the other Example, step on a nail and the leg not on the nail braces
82
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
83
Autonomic System
Made up of 2 motor neurons from spinal cord -controls all involuntary internal structures -regulated by the hypothalamus -Controls autonomic functions at both divisions- Parasympathetic and sympathetic Anatomy - Pre-ganglion neuron - ganglion neuron and pre-ganglion synapse, -Post ganglion -post ganglion synapse on target organ
84
Sympathetic Division
Nerves emerge from the the thoraco-lumbar system flight or fight effects- -increased heart rate -bronchioles dilate -decreased production salivary glands -dilated pupils -sweat glands- secretion increased -GI motility - decreased target organ receptors - blood vessels in skin, GI tract, skeletal muscles --contain adrenergic receptors
85
Parasympathetic Division
Nerves emerge from brain and sacral system -cranial-sacral Normal homeostasis - normally in charge cranial/sacral region long preganglion neuron Both synapses contain acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (like sympathetic) muscarinic receptors
86
Ganglion
An accumulation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
87
Norepinephrine neurotransmitter
Sympathetic division Released by adrenergic neurons and adrenal medulla
88
adrenergic
catecholamine
89
Sympathetic and parasympathetic pathway
preganglion synapse (myelinated) -nicotinic receptors acetylcholine Postganglion synapse (unmyelinated) -adrenergic receptors

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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