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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the neuron

A

Axon, dendrite, perikaryon

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2
Q

Describe the function of neuron

A

Polarization and depolarization

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3
Q

Describe the functions of neuroglia

A

structural and functional support to neurons
Protection to neurons

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4
Q

Differentiate between white and gray matter

A

Gray contains most of the neuron cell bodies - very superficial in brain and deep in spinal cord
White contains most of the myelinated nerve fibers - deep in brain and superficial in spinal column

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5
Q

Describe the function of afferent nerves

A

Conduct impulses towards CNS
Also called sensory nerves

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6
Q

Describes the function of efferent nerves

A

Conduct impulses away from CNS
Also called motor nerves

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7
Q

List the components of the central nervous system

A

(Brain and spinal cord)
Main features
-neuron cell bodies
-myelinated and unmyelinated nerve cells
-Glia cells
White and gray matter

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8
Q

List the components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous System

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9
Q

Differentiate btween autonomic and somatic nervous systems

A

Autonomic system
-Coordination of autonomic system
- digestive juices, heart rate, etc
Somatic System
-conscious or voluntary control of skeletal systems

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10
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Usually cause influx of Na so postsynaptic membrane moves towards threshold
Acetylcholine
norepineprhine -fight or flight
epineprhine - fight or flight
dopamine - autonomic

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11
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Makes inside of cell more negative, moving the charge within postsynaptic membrane further from threshold
Acetylcholine
norepinephrine -fight or flight
dopamine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
glycine
serotonin
endorphins

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12
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the cerebrum

A

learning and intelligence
largest part of brain in mamals
white and gray matter
two cerebral hemispheres divided by a longitudinal
surface covered with gyri separated by sutures and sulci (small grooves)
cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the cerebellum

A

white and gray matter
2nd largest part ofbrain
caudal to cerebrum
allows body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes

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14
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the diencephalon

A

does not have clearly defined white and gray matter
passageway between brain and cerebrum
Temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, rage and anger
Thalamus - relay station for regulatory sensory inputs to cerebrun
hypothalamus = interface between nervous system and endocrine system
pituitary - endocrine master gland

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15
Q

Endocrine and nervous system compare and contrast

A

nervous system
uses chemicals to carry messages
- neurotransmitters -produced by neurons
-travel short distances across synapses
-allow system to react quickly

Endocrine system
- Uses chemicals to carry messages
-hormones secrete directly into the blood stream
-travel long distances to reach targets
-body reacts more slowly to change

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16
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the brain stem

A

Automatic function of the brain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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17
Q

Describe the connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges are made of
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

Not connective tissue but also surrounding the brain
Gray matter
White matter

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Called CSF
cushions
between the layers of the meniges and the canals and cavities of brain and spinal column
May play a role of autonomic functions such as respiration and vomiting

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19
Q

List the cranial nerves and describe their functions

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
III - Oculomotor -
IV- trochlear -
V- trigeminal -
VI- abducent
VII- Facial
VIII vestibulocochlear
VIIII- Glossopharyngeal -
X- Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII Hypoglossal

(dorsal sensory, ventral motor)

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

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20
Q

Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic - flight or fight
Parasympathetic - rest or restore (or rest and digest)

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21
Q

Describe the components of reflex arc

A

Receptors→sensory neuron→spinal cord→motor neuron→muscles.

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22
Q

List reflexes

A

Stretch reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed extensor reflex
palpebral reflex
pupillary light reflex

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23
Q

stretch reflex

A

Simple monosynaptic or two neuron reflex arc

When your patellar ligament is tapped

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24
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

Also called flexor reflex

moving limb away from hot stove

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25
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

Afferent sensory impulse crosses to the other side of the spinal cord and stimulates muscles that extend the opposite limb

Stepping on a sharp tack

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26
Q

papebral reflex

A

light tap on medial canthus produces blink

less important
receptors on eyelid margins -
travels via sensory neurons in CN V to the pons
Synapses with neurons in pons
Travels via CN VII to muscles that blink

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27
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

A normal response to shining the light in the eye of animal is for both eyes to constrict.

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28
Q

Nervous system overview

A

Electronic communication system within body
Control and integrates all body activities within the limits of life
3 basic functions
- Stimulus
— sensory receptors
-Processing - interpreting and remembering
-Response
– reacting to changes with effectors
—- motor functions
—- glandular functions

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29
Q

Organization of the nervous system

A

CNS
-brain
-spinal cord
PNS
-spinal nerves
-cranial
autonomic system
-Parasympathetic
-sympathetic

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30
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Contain both efferent and afferent nerves
Most nerves in PNS are mixed nerves

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31
Q

Nervous system response pathway

A

*Sensory division
- somatic and visceral nerve fibers conduct afferent impulses
*PNS-Cranial and spinal nerves (communication line between
CNS/Spine and rest of body)
*CNS
-Brain and spinal cord- integrate and control what’s happening
*PNS passes efferent signals to
*Motor Division - conducts efferent impulses from CNS to effectors
*Autonomic or Somatic System

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32
Q

Neurons

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system
Have a high requirement for oxygen
Cannot reproduce but can regenerate cell processes
Have support and protection from neuroglia cells

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33
Q

neuroglia cells

A

Helper nerve cells
Smaller and more numerous

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34
Q

neuron cell body

A

Soma
or perikaryon
Processes information

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35
Q

Axons

A

Also called nerve fibers
Efferent - conducts nerve impulses away
Single, long process
May be covered with myelin sheath

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36
Q

Dendrites

A

Afferent - Bring the nerve impulse to the cell body (receive)
Short, numerous and multibranched
May serve as sensory receptor

37
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped around an axon
-two most common
– oligodendrocytes- CNS
– Schwann cells -in nerves outside the CNS

38
Q

Nerve fibers

A

Nerve fibers are bundles of axons

39
Q

Mylen Sheath Neves

A

Conduct messages faster than non-myelinated

40
Q

Myelinated axons

A

multiple oligodendrocytes (CNS) or schwann cells (PNS) cover entire length of axon
Nodes of Ranvier - the gaps between the adjacent glial cells
- increased rate of transmission

41
Q

Neuron Function Overview

A

Sodium Potassium Pump (up the down elevator)
-Specialized molecule to maintain resting potential
-Pumps Sodium to the outside of the cell
-Pumps potassium inside the cell
Resting membrane potential
-difference in electrical charge across the membrane
- net negative charge

42
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

Resting membrane potential
Depolarization - sodium rushes in cell
Repolarization- Potassium rushes out to rebalance
Refractory (Resting) period- requires lots of ATP

43
Q

Threshhold stimulus

A

Sufficient stimulus to make neuron respond and cause a wave of depolarization (nerve impulse)
- All or nothing principle- neuron depolarizes to it’s maximum strength or not at all
-Conduction of action potential
-spreading of wave
-open sodium channels in sufficient numbers to allow depolarlization

44
Q

Depolarization

A

Neuron receives external stimulus
Na channel opens on neuron cell membrane
Na ions flow into cell by passive diffusion
- charge now positive in cell
- switching of negative to positive is an action potential

45
Q

Repolarization

A

Na channel closes
K+ channel opens
K+ diffuses out of cell
Net charge is returning to negative

46
Q

Refractory Period

A

Repolarization ends
Na-K+ pump moves Na outside and K+ ions in, back to it’s original sides
Lots of ATP need
Resting state restored
Neuron insensitive to additional stimuli
Absolute refractory period
- during Na influx and early potassium outflow
Relative refractory period during the end of the repolarization period
- may be possible to stimulate another depolarization if stimulus is very large

47
Q

Saltatory

A

Moves along myelinated nerve fibers
faster

48
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell

49
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap between two adjacent neurons

50
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

releases neurotrasnmitter
brings depolarization to synapse

51
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

releases neurotrasnmitter
brings depolarization to synapse

52
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

contains receptors for neuortransmitter

53
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Perpetuation of the nerve impulse from one nerve to the next
-axon
-telodendrion
- terminal bouton (synaptic bulb or knob)
-vesicles
Depolarization wave causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitters into cleft
Need to find the correct, specific receptors

54
Q

Telodendrion

A

The branched end of an axon , each branch terminates in a neurotransmitter-filled synaptic end bulb

55
Q

catecholamines

A

norepinephrine
dopamine
epinephrine

56
Q

Recycling Neurotransmitters

A

Body’s way of stopping the effects of neurotransmitters
acetylcholinesterase
-enzyme found on postsynaptic transmitter
-breaks down acetylcholine
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-breaks down norepinephrine

57
Q

Types of nerves

A

Sensory
Motor
Mixed - all spinal nerves

Note- nerves are bundles of neurons

58
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
interneurons

59
Q

Nerve tracts

A

Bundles of axons in CNS
-either sensory, motor, or mixeda

60
Q

brainstem

A

many cranial nerves originate here
basic support functions of life
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

61
Q

meninges

A

connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord
supplies nutrients, oxygen and cushioning

dura mater - thick, fibrous for protection
arachnoid -delicate, spiderweb like - connective tissue
pia mater - surface of brain, very thin “hugs the gray matter”

62
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Functional barrier separating the capillaries of the brain from the nervous tissue itself.
Made of astrocytes (neuroglia)

63
Q

Spinal cord

A

Caudal continuation of brain stem outside the skull
Dorsal nerve roots
Ventral nerve roots
Dorsal horns
Central horns
central canal - filled with CSF
composed of gray matter on inside
white matter on outside

64
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves in PNS originate from brain
10 of the 12 nerves attached to the brain stem
-

65
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

36 pairs in dogs

66
Q

Spinal nerve pathway

A
67
Q

reflex

A

Stimulous response that bipasses the brain
4 types -
somatic
automatic
contralateral

68
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Sensory smell

mnemonic -
Oh - olfactory
Six - sensory

69
Q

Optic nerve

A

sensory vision

mnemonic -
Orgasmic -Optic
Sailors - sense

oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

70
Q

mnemonic

A

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

71
Q

Oculomotor -

A

motor (eye movement, pupil size, focusing)

mnemonic
Orgasmic - oculomotor
Made- motor

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

72
Q

-Trochlear

A

motor (eye movement)

mnemonic
Torrential - trochlear
Merry- motor

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

73
Q

Trigeminal

A

sensory (head and teeth/chewing)

mnemonic
triumph- trigeminal
but -both

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

74
Q

Abducent

A

motor eye movement

mnemonic
arousal -abducent
my- motor

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

75
Q

Facial

A

Both (face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste)

mnemonic
Forcing- facial
Butthole- both

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

76
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory- balance, hearing

mnemonic
Violent- vestibulocochlear
Said- sensory

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal forcing (a) vocal gloating violently spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

77
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

both (tongue movement, swallowing

mnemonic
Gloating- glossopharyngeal
Big- both

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing a vocal gloating violent spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

78
Q

Vagus

A

Both- sensory from GI tract and reparatory tree, motor throat area and motor abdominal thoracic regions

mnemonic
Violent- vagus
Bounces- both

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating violent spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

79
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

Motor -head

Mnemonic
Spasmodic- Spinal accessory
Make - motor

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating violent spasmodic high

Six sailor made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

80
Q

Hypoglossol

A

Motor- tongue

Mnemonic
High0 Hypoglossol

Oh, ongoing orgasmic torrential triumphant arousal, forcing vocal gloating, violent, spasmodic high

Six sailors made merry but my butthole said big bounces make messes

81
Q

Contralateral reflexes

A

Start on one side of the body and cross to the other

Example, step on a nail and the leg not on the nail braces

82
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

83
Q

Autonomic System

A

Made up of 2 motor neurons from spinal cord
-controls all involuntary internal structures
-regulated by the hypothalamus
-Controls autonomic functions at both divisions- Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Anatomy
- Pre-ganglion neuron
- ganglion neuron and pre-ganglion synapse,
-Post ganglion
-post ganglion synapse on target organ

84
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Nerves emerge from the the thoraco-lumbar system
flight or fight
effects-
-increased heart rate
-bronchioles dilate
-decreased production salivary glands
-dilated pupils
-sweat glands- secretion increased
-GI motility - decreased
target organ receptors
- blood vessels in skin, GI tract, skeletal muscles
–contain adrenergic receptors

85
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Nerves emerge from brain and sacral system -cranial-sacral
Normal homeostasis - normally in charge
cranial/sacral region
long preganglion neuron
Both synapses contain acetylcholine
nicotinic receptors (like sympathetic)
muscarinic receptors

86
Q

Ganglion

A

An accumulation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

87
Q

Norepinephrine neurotransmitter

A

Sympathetic division
Released by adrenergic neurons and adrenal medulla

88
Q

adrenergic

A

catecholamine

89
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic pathway

A

preganglion synapse (myelinated)
-nicotinic receptors acetylcholine
Postganglion synapse (unmyelinated)
-adrenergic receptors

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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