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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 10- Sense organs > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Sense organs Flashcards

1
Q

List the four general types of stimulus that can trigger a response from sensory receptors

A

Chemicals (chemoreceptors)
Temperature (thermoreceptors)
Pressure (mechanoreceptors)
Light (photoreceptors)

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2
Q

List and describe visceral senses

A

Miscellaneous category of interior body sensations
hunger
thirst
Visceral stretch
- bladder
-Gi tract

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3
Q

List and describe the processes that contribute to nociception

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception.

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4
Q

nociception

A

Pain perception

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5
Q

Describe the structure of taste buds

A

Tiny, rounded structures made up of gustatory cells and supporting ells
taste pores allow dissolved substants to enter taste bus and contact sensory receptors
the sensory receptors are tiny hairlike processes

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6
Q

Touch

A

Touh and pressure are sometimes classified as different senses
Touch is known as tactile sense
Pressure is something pressing on body surface (gives a sense of where we are)
Both senses operate largely unconscious
- unless contact is abrupt.

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7
Q

Temperature

A

maintains temperature homeostasis
Touch receptors can be superficial or central
-central in hypothalamus, monitors temp of blood. we can shiver or sweat as a result

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8
Q

General senses

A

Distributed throughout the body
Don’t have special sense organ
Tend not to be associated with disease

Visceral
Touch
Temperature
Pain
Proprioception

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9
Q

Pain

A

Nociceptors are pain receptors
widely distributed inside and on the surface of the body. Not in the brain
may be simple free nerve endings (dendrites) or more specialized structures
purpose - protect the brain
unpleasant sensory and/or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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10
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of body position and movement
-movement of limbs
-position of joints
-state of contraction of muscles
-tension on ligaments and tendons

Stretch receptors located in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joint capsules

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11
Q

List special senses

A

Transduction occurs in an organ

Taste
Smell
Hearing
Equilibrium
Vision

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12
Q

Taste

A

Also called gustatory sense
Chemical sense
Receptors are located in taste buds
-majority are located in elevated structure in tongue- papilae
- some in lining of mouth and throat (pharynx)

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13
Q

Smell

A

Also called olfactory sense
Chemical
more important to non-human animals
two patches of olfactory epithelium located high up in both nasal passages
hair like processes project up from olfactory cells into the mucus layer that covers the nasal epithelium
Odor molecules dissolve in mucus and contact the sensory processes (dendrites)

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14
Q

Hearing anatomy (big picture)

A

Auditory sense
Mechanical
converts vibrations in the air to nerve impulses
impulses interpreted as sound
External
-acts as a funnel, collects sound wave and funnel towards middle ear
Middle
-amplifies and transmit vibrations from ear drum to inner ear
Inner
-contains the sensory receptors that convert the mechanical wave to nerve impulses - transduction

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15
Q

Equilibrium

A

Balance and head position
A mechanical sense
Helps animal maintain
balance by keeping track
of head’s position and
movements
* Equilibrium receptors in
inner ear
* Vestibule
* Semicircular canals
* Information from eyes
and proprioceptors
around the body

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16
Q

Vision

A

Electromagnetic

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17
Q

Describe the structures of the ear

A

External ear/Pinna
- external auditory canal
-tympanic membrane/ear drum

Middle ear - hollowed out area in temporal bone
Ossicles
Eustachian tube
Cochlea
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Inner ear
Organ of corti
Cochlear duct
Oval window
basilar membrane
tetcorial membrane

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18
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Filled with endolymph
Near Vestibule
receptors for hearing

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19
Q

external auditory canal

A

Connected to the Pinna
funnels sound

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20
Q

-tympanic membrane/ear drum

A

Thin connective tissue stretched tightly between opening for external auditory canal and middle ear
Sound waves strike tympanic membrane and make it vibrate
paper thin

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21
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Called the auditory in
Connects the middle ear with the pharynx
equalizes are pressure in ear

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22
Q

Cochlea

A

Receptors for hearing, transduction occurs
Shell shaped spiral cavity in temporal bone
Contains organ of corti

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23
Q

Ossicles

A

Amplify sound and bring cochlea

Ossicles act as a system of levers to transmit sound wave vibrations from tympanic membrane
- vibrations decreased in size, increased in force

Malleus - outermost, attached to tympanic membrane
Incus - middle
Stapes - attached to the membrane covering the oval window of cochlea

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24
Q

Organ of corti

A

fluid filled portion that makes up receptor organ of hearing
- consists of hair cells, supporting cells and tectorial membrane
filled with endolymph
runs length of cochlea

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25
Q

Oval window

A

Membrane covered opening at the end of the cochlear duct
- filled with perilymph
-stapes is attached

26
Q

basilar membrane

A

Shelf in the organ of Corti it contains hair cells , supporting cells and the tectorial membrane

27
Q

tectorial membrane

A

A membrane located ABOVE the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move.

28
Q

Describe the process that contributes to the sense of equilibrium

A
29
Q

Vestibule

A

The vestibule is the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum, behind the cochlea, and in front of the three semicircular canals.

used for equilibrium

30
Q

Semicircular canals

A

 Located on other side of the vestibule from the
cochlea
 Contain fluid-filled membranous tubes

31
Q

Three layers of eye

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Nervous

32
Q

List the structures of the eyeball

A

Two comparments
Aqueous and vitreous

Sclera.
Cornea.
Iris.
Pupil.
Lens.
Retina.
Optic nerves.

33
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Lines the inner surface of the eye lid and the corner of the eyes

34
Q

Eyelids

A
35
Q

Sense organs

A
36
Q

Sensation

A

any stimulus the body is aware of

37
Q

Perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation

38
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain receptors

39
Q

Pain pathways-

A

transduction - conversion of stimulus into impulse
transmission - nerve impulse moves up nerve fiber (axon)
modulation - changing of nerve impulse can occur at spial column. Can influence the info the brain receives
perception - conscious perception

3 sensory neurons

40
Q

Hearing physiology

A

Pinna/outer ear funnel sound
Sound wave vibrations cause tympanic membrane and ossicles in middle ear to vibrate
Perilymph around cochlear duct vibrates
Cochlear duct moves
Tectorial membrane and hair cells of organ of Corti rub against each other
Nerve impulses are generated in the cochlear (vestibule-cochlear) nerve
Impulses travel to brain and are interpreted as sound

41
Q

Vision

A

 Most components of the eye function to help form an accurate visual image, not detect it
 Photoreceptors that detect the image cand generate visual nerve impulses are in a single layer of ccells in the retina

42
Q

Fibrous layer eye

A

Cornea: transparent; admits light to interior of the eye
*  Sclera: “white” of the eye
* Limbus:

43
Q

Cornea

A

Fibrous layer of eye
Arrangement of collagen fibers; no blood vessels
light is refracted (bent)

44
Q

Sclera

A

Fibrous layer of eye
Dense fibrous connective tissue
White of eye

45
Q

Limbus

A

Fibrous layer of the eye
junction of the cornea and the sclera

46
Q

Sense of motion

A

The head moves
 Fluid movement lags in one
plane of semicircular
canals
 Fluid movement pulls on
cupula
 Hairs are bent
 Nerve impulse is generated
 Brain receives information
about motion of the head

47
Q

Iris

A

Vascular layer of eye
pigmented muscular diaphragm
* Controls amount of light that enters the posterior p

48
Q

Pupil

A

Vascular layer of eye
opening at center of iris

49
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular layer of the eye between the sclera and the retina
*Pigment and blood vessels
*In most animals, choroid forms the tapetum

50
Q

tapetum

A

Vascular layer of eye
highly reflective area in the rear of the eye
(the surface that reflects light at night)

51
Q

Iris

A

Vascular layer of eye pigmented muscular diaphragm
* Controls amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eyeball

52
Q

Ciliary body

A

Vascular layer of eye
Ciliary body: ring shaped structure behind the iris
* Muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision

53
Q

Retina

A

Nervous layer of eye
Lines most of the vitreous compartment (the back of the eye)
*“Movie Screen” or “Film in Camera”
* Where visual image is formed
Contains the sensory receptors for vision, the rods and cones

Less important
Multilayered:
*Pigment layer
*Photoreceptor layer - rods (night vision) and cones (color)
*Bipolar cell layer
*Ganglion cell layer
*Layer of nerve fibers

54
Q

Compartments of the eye

A

Aqueous - interior to the lens
-subdivided into anterior and posterior by iris
- posterior aqueous produces aqueous humor. (And where it drains).
– Drained by canal of
Schlemm
-has ciliary body
Bends light

Vitreous - posterior to the lens
Contains a clear gelatinous fluid called vitreous humor
 Vitreous humor fills the whole back of the eyeball behind the lens and ciliary body
Bends light

55
Q

Lens

A

Soft, translucent layers of fibers
 Elastic and biconvex
 Front surface in contact with aqueous humor; back surface in contact with vitreous humor
 Helps focus a clear image on the retina through accommodation process

Bends light

56
Q

Refraction of the eye

A

Occurs in the:
cornea, Aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

57
Q

Lens accommodation

A

Lens Accommodation
 Accommodation: process by which the shape of
the lens is changed to allow close-up and distant
vision
* Relaxation of ciliary muscles causes tension on
suspensory ligaments; flattens the lens
* Contraction of ciliary muscles releases tension on
the suspensory ligaments

58
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Conjunctiva
* Thin, moist, transparent
membrane
* Covers front portion of eyeball
* Bulbar conjunctiva
* Lines interior surfaces of
eyelids
* Palpebral conjunctiva

Conjunctival sac
* Space between bulbar and
palpebral portions of conjunctiva

59
Q

Extraocular structures

A

 Eyelids
* Upper and lower folds of skin, lined by conjunctiva
 Lateral and medial canthus
* Corners where the eyelids come together
 Tarsal glands = meibomian glands
* Their tiny openings are found along eyelid margin
*Produce waxy substance to prevent tears from
overflowing onto the face

60
Q

Eyelashes

A

Eyelashes
* Prominent on upper lid of most
animals
 Third eyelid = nictitating
membrane
* T-shaped plate of cartilage
covered by conjunctiva
* Located medially between
eyelids and eyeball
* No muscle attachment; passive
movements
* Lymph nodules and accessory
lacrimal gland on ocular
surface

61
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

*Structures that produce and secrete tears and drain tears away from the surface of the eye
 Lacrimal glands are the primary source of tears
 Tear drainage system
* Lacrimal puncta
* Lacrimal sacs
* Nasolacrimal duc

62
Q

Tears

A

Liquid film that moistens and protects the surface
of the eye
 3 main layers of tears
*Inner mucous layer – from cells in conjunctiva
* Contains antibacterial substances
* Middle tear layer – from lacrimal glands and
accessory lacrimal glands of the third eyelid
*Keeps the cornea moist
* Outer oily layer – from tarsal or meibomian glands
* Reduces evaporation of underlying tear layer
*Prevents tears from flowing over the lid margin

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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