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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 6 - Integument > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

list and describe the phases of healing

A

Starts with injury
Inflammation
-initial response
- goal - limit further damage and get rid of harmful agents
Organization
- granulation tissue
Regeneration
- epithelialization and more scar tissue

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2
Q

List the cell types that comprise the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cell

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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cells that synthesize keratin. They have 3 distinct stages in the epidermis- basal, prickle and granular. They travel superficially from basal layer they lose their organelles to make room from keratin. As a result they die.

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4
Q

List the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum - horny layer (most superficial)
Stratum lucidum - clear layer
Stratum granulosum - granular layer
Stratum spinosum - spiny layer
Stratum basale/stratum germinvatum - basal layer

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5
Q

Stratum basale

A

A single row of keratinocytes, attached to basement membrane. Engaged in cell division

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6
Q

Describe the unique features of paw pads

A

tough thick layers of fat and connective tissue
- exocrine sweat glands and lamellar corpuscles
cornical papillae cover entire pad
all 5 epidermal layers
pigmented
multiple paw pads- carpal, metacarpal/metatarsal, digital

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7
Q

Describe the unique features of planum nasale

A

Tip of nose in dogs, cats, pigs and sheep
usually pigmented
A-glandular (except in sheep, pigs and cows)
3 epidermal layers
- thin stratum corneum divided by deep surface grooves

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8
Q

Describe the parts of the hair follicle

A

Hair bulb (invagination of epidermis)
Papilla (base of bulb) (Dermal layer, attachment for the hair)
Matrix - rapidly dividing cells that cover the papilla
Internal root sheath
External root sheath
Connective tissue root sheath

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9
Q

Describe how hair grows

A

Anagen phase - follicle is longest (growth phase)
Catagen phase - thick glassy membrane (transition)
Telogen- hair very short (rest). Hair is called club hair

New cells are constantly forming in the hair bulb. These cells stick together and harden. The full strand of hair develops from this group of hardened hair cells. Because new hardened cells keep on attaching to the hair from below, it is gradually pushed up out of the skin.

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10
Q

List and describe the three types of hair

A

Primary/guard hairs - thicker and longer
Dominant hair in hair follicle
Secondary/wool-type hair - softer and shorter
And tactile/sinus hair
- whiskers
- also might be intermittently through coat

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11
Q

Describe the structure and location of sebaceious glands

A

Sebaceous glands are found all over the body except in specialized regions (like planum nasale and paw pads)
- located in dermis but came from epidermis
-simple or complex alveolar structures
-duct empties into hair follicle or directly onto skin (lips, labia, vulva, prepuce, eyelid, etc)
- manufacture and stores oily substance sebum or lanolin - for skin/hair

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12
Q

Differentiate between the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin.

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13
Q

Functions of the integument system

A

covers and protects
Prevents desiccation
Reduces threat of injury
Assists in maintenance of body temperature
Excretes water, salts and organic wastes
Receives and conveys sensory info
stores nutrients

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14
Q

3 layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis/corium
Hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

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15
Q

Epidermis

A

Very thin, made of rapidly dividing epithelia cells The principle cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. Most are keratinocytes which produce tough, fibrous, waterproof protein called keratin

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16
Q

Dermis

A

Also called the corium.
Greatest portion of the integument - the hide
Highly fibrous, dense irregular connective tissues (most of it)
- collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

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17
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous
thick layer, resides below dermis
Allows skin to move freely over underlying layers
loose layer of aerolar tissue
-fibers continuous with dermis
-adipose, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
-pancinian corpuscles (nerves)

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

A cell located within lower epidermis that processes tyrosinaes and melanin.

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19
Q

Merkel cells

A

Located in small numbers in the epidermal-dermal junction. Aids in tactile functions

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20
Q

Langerhans cell

A

The macrophages of the epdiermis that phagocytize invading microorganisms and serve as antigen-presenting cells

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21
Q

Epidermis of hair skin

A

3 epidermal layers rather than 5: stratum corneum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale
Scale-like folds on skin
Tactile elevations- Epidermal papillae
Tactile hairs (whiskers)- tylotrich hairs

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22
Q

Epidermis gives rise to the following structures

A

Hair, feathers, glands, paw pads, nails/horns/beak

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23
Q

Additional components of Dermis (beside connective tissue)

A

hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic channels, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages

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24
Q

Papillary layer

A

Thin, superficial layer
Just below epidermis
Dermal papillae
Looping blood vessels and nerve endings
Meissners corpuscles (nerve endings)

25
Reticular layer
80% of dermis indistinct layer between papillary layer Parallel bundles of collagen fibers -tension lines - dermal folds
26
Skin Pigmentation
Caused by the presence or absence of melanin granules in the extensions of melanocytes Dispersion of granules - no pigment if granules near nucleus - Pigment if granules near cellular arms and surround tissue controlled by hypophysis - melanocyte stimulating hormone- MSH - melanosomes absorbed by keratinocytes
27
Carpal pad
paw pad up near wrist
28
Chestnuts
Dark horny structures on the legs of hooved animals. thought to be vestiges of digits Inside each leg at carpus and tarsus
29
Ergots
Dark horny structures on the legs of hooved animals. thought to be vestiges of digits Buried in caudal hairs of fetlock
30
Cutaneous pouches
infoldings of skin of sheep - contain fine hair, sebaceous and oil glands 3 locations- infraorbital, interdigital, inguinal
31
Functions of hair
Essential for survival Maintenance of body temperature, protection via camouflage
32
Arrector Pili Muscles
Small, smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system - contraction pulls the hair erect
33
Composition of hair
Medulla (middle), cortex, cuticle (outside)
34
Hair color
Pigment in cortex and medulla of hair strand - melanin produced in base of hair strand - melanin transferred to cortical and medullary cells of hair strand Different colors -Quantity of melanin and type - Melanin production decreases with age
35
Sebum
Oily, lipid substance manufactured through sebaceous gland Sebum is forced through hair follicle Arrector pili muscle contracts and compresses gland Sebum coats base of hair and skin (first line of defense)
36
sweat glands
sudoriferous glands produces water, transparent liquid Only man and horse sweat profusely help cool body eccrine and apocrine
37
Eccrine
Watery sweat empty onto surface of skin found on footpads of cats
38
Apocrine
Stinky Empty into hair follicles (armpits) thicker, smellier secretions
39
Stratum spinosum
Spiny layer Named because when cells removed they contract into spiculaed masses (called prickle cells). Naturally smooth
40
Tail glands
Oval region at base of tail, especially dogs and cats. Especially large apocrine and sebaceous glands For scent recognition
41
Stratum Granulosum
Middle layer of skin. Two to four layers of flattened diamond-shaped keratinocytes. These cells begin to die, cytoplasm dying
42
Stratum lucidum
Clear Layer found only in very thick skin A few rows of flattened, dead cells
43
Anal glands
Reservoir for malodorous secretions, similar to musk glands lined with sebaceous and apocrine glands Contents expressed during defecation and when the animal is frightened Location in cats and dogs - connected by a single duct to the lateral margin of the anus. (Located at 5 and 7 time) - can become impacted and infected
44
Stratum corneum
Horny layer Outermost layer and constitutes about three quarters of the epidermis twenty to 30 rows of keratinocytes
45
Claws and dew claws
Hard outer covering of distal digits (non-retractable except cats) Functions - traction and catching prey Dew claws - evolutionary remnants of digits - first digit of dogs - second and fifth digit of cows, pigs and sheep
46
Claws in cats
Attached at terminal phalanx - P3
47
The hoof
Ungula Horny outer covering of some animals Each hoof covers a digit Hooves rest on the corium - inner layer modified dermis - outer layer modified epidermis
48
Corium
both claws and hooves rest on this underlying sensitive tissue highly innervated
49
Corium types in horse
Laminar corium - between hoof wall and third phalanx Pericolic corium - supplies nutrients to overlaying periople Coronary corium - provides nutrients to the stratum externum and stratum medium Sole corium is located superior to the sole and provides nutrients to the sole Frog corium is located superior to frog and provides nutrients to frog
50
Horns
grow continuously Mass of horny keratin Not sex related Structurally similar to hair
51
Horns versus antlers
Horns not sex specific, antlers are Horns epidermal in origin, antlers dermal Horns grown continuously, antlers shed Horns are hollow, Antlers lack central core (velvet skin supply blood)
52
Inflammation
Nonspecific response Edema\ Clot formation Phagocytosis Release of histamine and heparin
53
Step 2 of healing
Organization - the formation of granulation tissue Wound repair begins soon after injury -Phagocytosis -granulation tissue formed
54
Step 3 of healing
Regeneration Epithelization covers granulation tissue Scab is pushed off Granulation tissue becomes fibrous scar adhesions
55
1st intention healing
Surgery to heal wound Wounds close in apposition No granulation of tissue
56
2nd intention healing
Wound edges separated from each other Scarring results No surgery
57
Ist stage of healing after injury
Inflammation - the body’s way of limiting damage to the tissue, isolating the injured area, and ridding the tissue of harmful agents. An initial vasoconstriction of the vessels to control hemorrhage is followed by vasodilation of the vessels to increase the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the injured tissue. Plasma leaks into the tissue from the blood vessels, causing swelling of the tissue and the animal may show signs of pain at the injured area. Clot formation begins to slow the bleeding. Macrophages and neutrophils are brought to the site via the blood vessels to help eliminate debris and harmful
58
2nd stage of healing after injury
Organization As neutrophils and macrophages work to rid the area of harmful agents and debris, fibroblasts begin to lay down collagen fibers and form granulation tissue (beneath the scab that develops on the surface). The granulation tissue has many small capillaries that provide the injured area with nutrients and oxygen.
59
3rd stage of healing after injury
Epithelialization occurs as new epithelial tissue is laid down over the granulation tissue. As the epithelial layer thickens, the scab will be pushed off the surface of the skin. The granulation tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue, which contracts and apposes the wound edges

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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