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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 7- Skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

List the cell types that compromise bone

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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2
Q

Describe the function of Osteoblasts

A

Rapidly dividing bone cells

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3
Q

Describe the function of Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells- they can revert back to osteoblasts.
Make the matrix

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4
Q

Describe the function of osteoclasts

A

Eat away bone. Can allow the calcium level in the blood.

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5
Q

List the functions of bone

A

Support
Protection
Blood Cell formation
Leverage
Storage- Calcium

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6
Q

Differentiate between cancellous bone and compact bone

A

Cancellous- Light and spongey
Spicules randomly arranged throughout
Highly vascular
(bone marrow)

Compact- heavy and dense
tight, tiny, compacted cylinders of bone - Haversian Systems and canaliculi
Outside layer of all bones

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7
Q

Describe the process of endochondral bone formation and growth

A

Cartilage template replaced by bone
Primary growth center is diaphysis
Secondary growth center is epiphysis
- cartilage cells creates cartilage along epiphyseal plate
-Osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone
-when bone is full size epiphyseal plates ossify

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8
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous bone formation

A

Occurs only in certain skull bones
Bone develops from fibrous membrane tissues

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9
Q

List and describe four bone shapes

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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10
Q

Long bones

A

Extremities
Main part is the diaphysis (long part)
Also has epiphysis (ends)

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11
Q

Short bones

A

In joints
Core of sponge y bone covered by thin layer of compact bone

Examples are carpal bones

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12
Q

Flat bones

A

Skull bones and scapula
Two thin plates of compact bone separated by layer of cancellous bone

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13
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and sesamoid bones
(Patella is the largest sesamoid bones)

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14
Q

List the components of axial and appendicular skeletons

A

Axial - located along axis
- bones of the head, spine, hyoid and trunk
Appendicular
-bones of the limbs

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15
Q

Name the internal and external bones of the face

A

External (landmark)

Incisive bone
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
Maxilary bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones

Internal (hidden)
Palatine bones
Pterygoid bones
Turbinates
Vomer bone

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16
Q

List the division of the spinal column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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17
Q

Describe the structure of ribs and the sternum

A

Ribs-
Ribs
Costochondral junction
Coastal arch
Floating rib

Sternum-
Manubrium
Xiphoid process
Xiphoid cartilage
Sternebra

sternal attached to sternebra (7)
asternal ribs attached through costal arch (5)
floating ribs- not attached - 13

Ribs numbered cranially down

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18
Q

Name the bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs

A
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19
Q

Bone

A

2nd hardest structure in the body
Connective tissue -
Sparse population if cells of cells embedded in a matrix
1/3 organic (collagen), 2/3 inorganic salts

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20
Q

Skeletal Matrix

A

The bone matrix is that part of the bone tissue and forms most of the mass of the bone. It is comprised of organic and inorganic substances. The organic component of the bone matrix includes the collagen and ground substance whereas the inorganic component is the inorganic bone salts

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities within the matrix of some connective tissue (bone cartilage) that contain chondrocytes and osteocytes

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22
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny channels through bone connecting osteocytes

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23
Q

Ossification

A

Hardening of osteoblasts. Matrix is infiltrated with calcium and phosphate and hardens.

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24
Q

Haversian Systems

A

Makes up compact bone
Consists of central Haversian canal running lengthwise surrounded by concentric layers of bone

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25
Epiphyseal Plates
Cartilage located between Epiphysis and Diaphysis Sites where new bone develope
26
Red bone marrow
Majority of marrow in young animals but only a small amount in older - In older, mostly in the epiphysis Red bone marrow forms cell
27
Yellow bone marrow
Consists mostly of adipose connective tissue Most common marrow in older animals Can convert back to red bone marrow
28
Periosteum
Fibrous outer layer of the bones, except joint surfaces Where tendons and ligaments connect Has two layers - inner: osteoblasts - Outer: fibrous tissue
29
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane lining hollow interior of bone
30
Medullary Cavity
Inside the diaphysis
31
Volkman's Canals
Blood supply to bones Channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels Join at right angles to Haversian system
32
Nutrient Foramia
Large channels in long bones Carry blood in and out of bone marrow Also has lymph vessels and nerves May resemble fracture in rads
33
Bone Marrow
Fills spaces within bone Two types- yellow and red
34
hematopoietic tissue
Blood forming
35
List Bone features
Articular Surfaces - Joint surfaces Processes - lumps, bumps and other projections Holes and Depressions
36
Condyle
usually large, round articular surface - distal end of femur and humorous are examples
37
Head (bone)
Somewhat spherical articular surface on proximal end of long bones Joins with shaft of bone at the neck region -humorous, femur, ribs
38
Facet
flat articular surface. Joints movement between two facets a rocking motion -carpal and tarsal bones
39
Processes (bone)
A general name for lump, bump or other projection on a bone
40
Foramen
Hole in bone that may contain blood vessels or nerves
41
Fossa
Depressed area on surface of bone (example, wings of scapula)
42
Articular surfaces
Smooth areas of compact bones where bones contact each other and form joints -Each is covered by hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
43
Name the bones of the cranium
External Frontal interparietal occipital parietal temporal bones Internal ethmoid sphenoid
44
Name the bones of the ear
incus malleus Stapes Function to transmit vibrations They form the tympanic membrane in the inner ear
45
Name the bones of the thoracic limbs
Scapula humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones Phalanges
46
Name the bones of the Pelvic Limbs
Pelvis- -ilium -ischium - pubis Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges
47
Visceral skeleton
Heterotopic skeleton Bones formed in soft organs
48
Skull
Most bones united by immovable, jagged joints called sutures Mandibles are united by synovial joints All skulls have 37 to 38 bones
49
Synovial joints
the ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage
50
Sutures
The immovable fibrous joints that unite most skill bones (Also know as synarthroses)
51
Vertebrae anatomy
Contains a body, arch and processes Separated by intervertebral discs (made of fibrcartilage) Processes include - spinous process (Dorsal) - transverse processes (lateral) - articular process (cranial/caudal) Vertebral foramen (where the nerves go) Vertebral arch
52
Number of vertebrae in dogs and cats
7 cervical 13 thoracic 7 lumbar 3 sacral lots - depending on individual- coccygeal
53
Vertebrae regions
cervical thorax lumbar sacral coccygeal
54
Number of vertebrae cattle
cervical -7 thorax -13 lumbar -6 sacral - 5 coccygeal 18 - 20
55
Number of vertebrae horse
cervical - 7 thorax - 18 lumbar - 6 sacral - 5 coccygeal - 15- 21
56
Cervical vertebrae
Always 7 Atlas is C1. It has wings Axis is C2 - has a large spinous process and pens that fit into the atlas
57
Thoracic vertebrae
13 in dogs, cats, cattle and 18 in horses have tall spinous processes lateral articular facets form joints with ribs
58
Lumbar vertebrae
7 in dogs and cats, 6 in horse and cattle most massive of the spine (support weight of abdomen without aid of ribs)
59
Sacral vertebrae
3 in dogs and cats, 5 in horses and cattle Fuse to form the sacrum. With pelvis forms the sacroiliac joint
60
Coccygeal Vertebrae
Bones of tail
61
Carpas
Wrist of dogs and cats, knee of horses In dogs and cats made of 7 bones
62
Metacarpal bones
Numbered by roman numerals- lateral to medial - 5,4,3,2, the dew claw (our thumb), would be 1
63
Phalanges
Numbered lateral to medial (pinky towards thumb) 3 bones in each toe Proximal, middle, distal In horses 1 and 2 are vestigial Cattle phalanges 3 and 4 fused
64
Thoracic limb
No bony connection to scapula Scapula Humerus olecranon radius ulna carpal metacarpal phalanges
65
Glenoid cavity
Socket of the scapula
66
Radius
The weight bearing bone Shorter
67
brachium
Forearm/humerus And antibrachium is the radius and ulna
68
Equine/Bovine
Radius and ulna fused together Horses From Carpus distal They have an Accessory carpal Horses only run on digit 3 Digit 2 and 4th metacarpal are vestigial and called the splint bone Digit 3 metacarpal is the cannon bone Then is proximal sesamoid Long pastern - proximal phalanx Short pastern - middle phalanx Navicular (sesamoid bone - kind of like a pillow) Coffin- distal phalanx Canon bone is metacarpal number 3 Bovine Sesamoid bones 2 proximal, 1 distal Run on phalanges 3 and 4 which are fused On hindlimb phalanges 2 and 5 are dew claws
69
Pelvic limb
Limb connected to axial skeleton through the sacroiliac joint Pelvis -ilium -ischium -pubis Femur patella fabulae tibia- thick fibula- fine, frail (not weight bearing) tarsal bones/hock- 7 metatarsal phalanges
70
Horse pelvic limb
tibia/fibula joint fused stifle - knee hock- ankle
71
Pelvis
3 fused bones Ilium largest of the 3 bones. Has "wings" ischium posterior - posterior- ischium has obturator foramen Pubis (middle) -the two pubis bones create a fusion line
72
Pelvic limb sesamoid bones
Stifle/knee joint Patella - large sesamoid (true bone) Fabellae - 2 small sesamoid bones - not present in horse and cattles Most sesamoid bones are cartilage only
73
Visceral skeleton
Heterotopic/Form in soft organs Os cordis - heart in cow Os penis - penis (bone in dogs, cartilage for cats) Os rostri - nose (pigs)
74
Joints
Junctions between bones 3 types -fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
75
Fibrous joints
Immovable joints Firmly united by fibrous tissue Examples- suture in skull, equine splint bones
76
Cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable joints (slight rocking motion) intervertebral discs, pubic symphys, mandible symphys
77
Synovial joints
Freely movable joints Have articular surfaces on bones Articular cartilage covering articular surfaces Joint cavity - encloses joint --synovial membrane and synovial fluid ligaments (some) - fibrous connective tissue
78
Anatomy of joint
Joint capsule meniscus Extracapsular (part of joint capsule)- collateral Intracapsular (inside joint) -cruciate
79
Synnovial joint moments
Flexion - decrease angle (bend joint) Extension - increase angle Adduction- movement towards median plane Abduction- movement away from median plane (inrcease distance between joints) rotation -twisting movement on own axis (palm moving up) circumduction - movement of joint so distal end goes in circle. (moving hand in a circular movment)
80
Types of synovial joint
hinge (only flexion and extension) - elbow Gliding-(example carpus) primarily rocking/some abduction/adduction possible Pivot joints- one bone rotates on other - yes and no Ball and socket - all types of movements

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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