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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 7- Skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

List the cell types that compromise bone

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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2
Q

Describe the function of Osteoblasts

A

Rapidly dividing bone cells

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3
Q

Describe the function of Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells- they can revert back to osteoblasts.
Make the matrix

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4
Q

Describe the function of osteoclasts

A

Eat away bone. Can allow the calcium level in the blood.

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5
Q

List the functions of bone

A

Support
Protection
Blood Cell formation
Leverage
Storage- Calcium

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6
Q

Differentiate between cancellous bone and compact bone

A

Cancellous- Light and spongey
Spicules randomly arranged throughout
Highly vascular
(bone marrow)

Compact- heavy and dense
tight, tiny, compacted cylinders of bone - Haversian Systems and canaliculi
Outside layer of all bones

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7
Q

Describe the process of endochondral bone formation and growth

A

Cartilage template replaced by bone
Primary growth center is diaphysis
Secondary growth center is epiphysis
- cartilage cells creates cartilage along epiphyseal plate
-Osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone
-when bone is full size epiphyseal plates ossify

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8
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous bone formation

A

Occurs only in certain skull bones
Bone develops from fibrous membrane tissues

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9
Q

List and describe four bone shapes

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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10
Q

Long bones

A

Extremities
Main part is the diaphysis (long part)
Also has epiphysis (ends)

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11
Q

Short bones

A

In joints
Core of sponge y bone covered by thin layer of compact bone

Examples are carpal bones

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12
Q

Flat bones

A

Skull bones and scapula
Two thin plates of compact bone separated by layer of cancellous bone

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13
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and sesamoid bones
(Patella is the largest sesamoid bones)

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14
Q

List the components of axial and appendicular skeletons

A

Axial - located along axis
- bones of the head, spine, hyoid and trunk
Appendicular
-bones of the limbs

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15
Q

Name the internal and external bones of the face

A

External (landmark)

Incisive bone
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
Maxilary bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones

Internal (hidden)
Palatine bones
Pterygoid bones
Turbinates
Vomer bone

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16
Q

List the division of the spinal column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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17
Q

Describe the structure of ribs and the sternum

A

Ribs-
Ribs
Costochondral junction
Coastal arch
Floating rib

Sternum-
Manubrium
Xiphoid process
Xiphoid cartilage
Sternebra

sternal attached to sternebra (7)
asternal ribs attached through costal arch (5)
floating ribs- not attached - 13

Ribs numbered cranially down

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18
Q

Name the bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs

A
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19
Q

Bone

A

2nd hardest structure in the body
Connective tissue -
Sparse population if cells of cells embedded in a matrix
1/3 organic (collagen), 2/3 inorganic salts

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20
Q

Skeletal Matrix

A

The bone matrix is that part of the bone tissue and forms most of the mass of the bone. It is comprised of organic and inorganic substances. The organic component of the bone matrix includes the collagen and ground substance whereas the inorganic component is the inorganic bone salts

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities within the matrix of some connective tissue (bone cartilage) that contain chondrocytes and osteocytes

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22
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny channels through bone connecting osteocytes

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23
Q

Ossification

A

Hardening of osteoblasts. Matrix is infiltrated with calcium and phosphate and hardens.

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24
Q

Haversian Systems

A

Makes up compact bone
Consists of central Haversian canal running lengthwise surrounded by concentric layers of bone

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25
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

Cartilage located between Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Sites where new bone develope

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26
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Majority of marrow in young animals but only a small amount in older
- In older, mostly in the epiphysis
Red bone marrow forms cell

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27
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Consists mostly of adipose connective tissue
Most common marrow in older animals
Can convert back to red bone marrow

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28
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous outer layer of the bones, except joint surfaces
Where tendons and ligaments connect
Has two layers
- inner: osteoblasts
- Outer: fibrous tissue

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29
Q

Endosteum

A

Fibrous membrane lining hollow interior of bone

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30
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Inside the diaphysis

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31
Q

Volkman’s Canals

A

Blood supply to bones
Channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels
Join at right angles to Haversian system

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32
Q

Nutrient Foramia

A

Large channels in long bones
Carry blood in and out of bone marrow
Also has lymph vessels and nerves
May resemble fracture in rads

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33
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Fills spaces within bone
Two types- yellow and red

34
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

Blood forming

35
Q

List Bone features

A

Articular Surfaces - Joint surfaces
Processes - lumps, bumps and other projections
Holes and Depressions

36
Q

Condyle

A

usually large, round articular surface
- distal end of femur and humorous are examples

37
Q

Head (bone)

A

Somewhat spherical articular surface on proximal end of long bones
Joins with shaft of bone at the neck region
-humorous, femur, ribs

38
Q

Facet

A

flat articular surface.
Joints movement between two facets a rocking motion
-carpal and tarsal bones

39
Q

Processes (bone)

A

A general name for lump, bump or other projection on a bone

40
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in bone that may contain blood vessels or nerves

41
Q

Fossa

A

Depressed area on surface of bone
(example, wings of scapula)

42
Q

Articular surfaces

A

Smooth areas of compact bones where bones contact each other and form joints
-Each is covered by hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

43
Q

Name the bones of the cranium

A

External

Frontal
interparietal
occipital
parietal
temporal bones

Internal
ethmoid
sphenoid

44
Q

Name the bones of the ear

A

incus
malleus
Stapes

Function to transmit vibrations
They form the tympanic membrane in the inner ear

45
Q

Name the bones of the thoracic limbs

A

Scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
Phalanges

46
Q

Name the bones of the Pelvic Limbs

A

Pelvis-
-ilium
-ischium
- pubis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges

47
Q

Visceral skeleton

A

Heterotopic skeleton
Bones formed in soft organs

48
Q

Skull

A

Most bones united by immovable, jagged joints called sutures
Mandibles are united by synovial joints
All skulls have 37 to 38 bones

49
Q

Synovial joints

A

the ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage

50
Q

Sutures

A

The immovable fibrous joints that unite most skill bones
(Also know as synarthroses)

51
Q

Vertebrae anatomy

A

Contains a body, arch and processes
Separated by intervertebral discs (made of fibrcartilage)
Processes include
- spinous process (Dorsal)
- transverse processes (lateral)
- articular process (cranial/caudal)
Vertebral foramen (where the nerves go)
Vertebral arch

52
Q

Number of vertebrae in dogs and cats

A

7 cervical
13 thoracic
7 lumbar
3 sacral
lots - depending on individual- coccygeal

53
Q

Vertebrae regions

A

cervical
thorax
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

54
Q

Number of vertebrae cattle

A

cervical -7
thorax -13
lumbar -6
sacral - 5
coccygeal 18 - 20

55
Q

Number of vertebrae horse

A

cervical - 7
thorax - 18
lumbar - 6
sacral - 5
coccygeal - 15- 21

56
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Always 7
Atlas is C1. It has wings
Axis is C2 - has a large spinous process and pens that fit into the atlas

57
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

13 in dogs, cats, cattle and 18 in horses
have tall spinous processes
lateral articular facets form joints with ribs

58
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

7 in dogs and cats, 6 in horse and cattle
most massive of the spine (support weight of abdomen without aid of ribs)

59
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

3 in dogs and cats, 5 in horses and cattle
Fuse to form the sacrum.
With pelvis forms the sacroiliac joint

60
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

Bones of tail

61
Q

Carpas

A

Wrist of dogs and cats, knee of horses
In dogs and cats made of 7 bones

62
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

Numbered by roman numerals- lateral to medial - 5,4,3,2, the dew claw (our thumb), would be 1

63
Q

Phalanges

A

Numbered lateral to medial (pinky towards thumb)
3 bones in each toe
Proximal, middle, distal
In horses 1 and 2 are vestigial
Cattle phalanges 3 and 4 fused

64
Q

Thoracic limb

A

No bony connection to scapula
Scapula
Humerus
olecranon
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges

65
Q

Glenoid cavity

A

Socket of the scapula

66
Q

Radius

A

The weight bearing bone
Shorter

67
Q

brachium

A

Forearm/humerus
And antibrachium is the radius and ulna

68
Q

Equine/Bovine

A

Radius and ulna fused together

Horses
From Carpus distal
They have an Accessory carpal
Horses only run on digit 3
Digit 2 and 4th metacarpal are vestigial and called the splint bone
Digit 3 metacarpal is the cannon bone
Then is proximal sesamoid
Long pastern - proximal phalanx
Short pastern - middle phalanx
Navicular (sesamoid bone - kind of like a pillow)
Coffin- distal phalanx
Canon bone is metacarpal number 3

Bovine
Sesamoid bones 2 proximal, 1 distal
Run on phalanges 3 and 4 which are fused
On hindlimb phalanges 2 and 5 are dew claws

69
Q

Pelvic limb

A

Limb connected to axial skeleton through the sacroiliac joint

Pelvis
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
Femur
patella
fabulae
tibia- thick
fibula- fine, frail (not weight bearing)
tarsal bones/hock- 7
metatarsal
phalanges

70
Q

Horse pelvic limb

A

tibia/fibula joint fused
stifle - knee
hock- ankle

71
Q

Pelvis

A

3 fused bones
Ilium largest of the 3 bones. Has “wings”
ischium posterior - posterior- ischium has obturator foramen
Pubis (middle) -the two pubis bones create a fusion line

72
Q

Pelvic limb sesamoid bones

A

Stifle/knee joint
Patella - large sesamoid (true bone)
Fabellae - 2 small sesamoid bones
- not present in horse and cattles

Most sesamoid bones are cartilage only

73
Q

Visceral skeleton

A

Heterotopic/Form in soft organs
Os cordis - heart in cow
Os penis - penis (bone in dogs, cartilage for cats)
Os rostri - nose (pigs)

74
Q

Joints

A

Junctions between bones
3 types
-fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

75
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Immovable joints
Firmly united by fibrous tissue
Examples- suture in skull, equine splint bones

76
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Slightly movable joints (slight rocking motion)
intervertebral discs, pubic symphys, mandible symphys

77
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely movable joints
Have articular surfaces on bones
Articular cartilage covering articular surfaces
Joint cavity - encloses joint
–synovial membrane and synovial fluid
ligaments (some) - fibrous connective tissue

78
Q

Anatomy of joint

A

Joint capsule
meniscus
Extracapsular (part of joint capsule)- collateral
Intracapsular (inside joint) -cruciate

79
Q

Synnovial joint moments

A

Flexion - decrease angle (bend joint)
Extension - increase angle
Adduction- movement towards median plane
Abduction- movement away from median plane (inrcease distance between joints)
rotation -twisting movement on own axis (palm moving up)
circumduction - movement of joint so distal end goes in circle. (moving hand in a circular movment)

80
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

hinge (only flexion and extension) - elbow
Gliding-(example carpus) primarily rocking/some abduction/adduction possible
Pivot joints- one bone rotates on other - yes and no
Ball and socket - all types of movements

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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