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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 11- Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

List the major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus.
pituitary.
thyroid.
parathyroids.
adrenals.
pineal body.
the ovaries.
the testes.

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2
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Consist of chains of a few to 200 or more amino acids arranged like pearls in a necklace
- they are hydrophilic

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3
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Are lipids that are synthesized from cholesterol. They are hydrophobic

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4
Q

Monoamine hormones

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine and noreprinephrine)

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5
Q

Describe the structure and function of the pituitary gland

A

Called the master endocrine gland/Hypophysis

Two separate glands with different embryological origins, different structures, different functions

Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis
* Produces hormones when stimulated
* Produces Stimulating hormones
–(“Trophic hormones” or Tropins”)
—–Prolactin
—- Thyroid stimulating hormones
—— Luteinizing
—- ACTH
—— Growth hormones

Posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis
* Stores and releases hormones

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6
Q

Growth hormone

A

 Also known as somatotropin and somatotropic hormone
 Promotes body growth in young animals
 Helps regulate metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in animal’s cells
*Anabolism – proteins
* Catabolism – fats, carbohydrates

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

 Regulates response to STRESS!!!
 Stimulates adrenal cortex
 Regulated by feedback from hormones of adrenal
cortex
 ACTH can also be released quickly as a result of
stimulation of hypothalamus by other parts of brain

Anterior pituitary

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8
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

Named for effect on females
 Effects in the female
*Stimulates oogenesis
*Stimulates production and secretion of estrogen
 Effects in the male
*Stimulates spermatogenesis

Anterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 Completes process of follicle development in ovary
 LH levels reach peak when follicle is fully mature
* Usually causes ovulation
* Causes development of corpus luteum
 LH in males stimulates interstitial cells to produce
testosterone

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Associated with control of color changes in pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians
* Rapid changes of colors and color patterns
 Administration of artificially large amounts to higher mammals
* Can cause darkening of skin by melanocyte stimulation

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

Effect on uterus
* Induces uterine contractions at
breeding and parturition
 Effect on active mammary
glands
* Stimulation of teat by nursing or
milking causes oxytocin to be
released
* Causes movement of milk down
to lower parts of the mammary
gland (milk letdown)

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Thyroid gland

A

2 lobes on either side of larynx
Lobes may be connected by isthmus
2 hormones produced in follicles:
-Thyroid hormone
-Calcitonin

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13
Q

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Also known as thyrotropic hormone
 Stimulates growth and development of thyroid
gland
 Causes thyroid gland to produce its hormones
 Secretion regulated by:
* Feedback from thyroid
*Interaction among hypothalamus, anterior
pituitary, and thyroid glands

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

 Produced by C cells located between thyroid
follicles
 Helps maintain blood calcium levels
 Prevents hypercalcemia by encouraging excess
calcium to be deposited in bones
 Parathyroid hormone is the other hormone involved
in maintaining blood calcium levels

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15
Q

parathormone

A

A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium

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16
Q

list three categories of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid
sex hormones

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17
Q

list the hormones produced by the pancreatic islet cells

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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18
Q

Insulin

A

Essential for life
causes glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the blood stream to be absorbed through cell membranes

produced by the pancreas

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19
Q

glucagon

A

Opposite effect of insulin
stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
stimulates gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

somatostatin

A

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.

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21
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones
promote the development of male characteristics.

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22
Q

estrogens

A

 Follicle cells produce and release estrogens
* FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to develop
* Follicle grows
*Amount of estrogen produced increases
*Anterior pituitary reduces FSH and increases LH
production
* LH peaks when follicle is fully mature
*Increasing estrogen levels accelerate physical and
behavioral change
* Ovulation occurs

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23
Q

progestins

A

 Group of hormones produced by corpus luteum (ovary)
*Principal progestin = progesterone
 In pregnant female
* Corpus luteum produces progesterone, necessary for pregnancy to be maintained
 If no pregnancy occurs
* Lack of hormone causes corpus luteum to shrink and disappear

less important-
 Progestin-related drugs used therapeutically

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24
Q

hormone produced by the kidneys

A

 Produce erythropoietin
*Stimulated by hypoxia
*Effect is to increase production of red blood cells
*Increased oxygen level slows down production
 Deficiency of erythropoietin
*Anemia often accompanies kidney disease or failure

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25
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced by kidney that stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

26
Q

Gastrin

A

Produced by the stomach

stimulates production of gastric juices

27
Q

Secretin

A

Hormone produced by the small intestine

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion

28
Q

cholecystokinin

A

Produced in small intestine
stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum

29
Q

Placental hormones

A

*Estrogen
*Progesterone
* Chorionic gonadotropin (some species)
* Relaxin (some species)

30
Q

Differences nervous system and endocrine gland

A

Nervous system
* Uses chemicals to carry messages
* Neurotransmitters produced by neurons
* Travel short distances across synapses
*Allows system to react quickly

Endocrine system
* Uses chemicals to carry messages
* Hormones secreted directly into bloodstream
* Travel long distances to reach targets
*Body reacts more slowly to changes

31
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers
* Produced by endocrine gland or modified neurons
*Travel via bloodstream
*impact target organs

 Produce effects only when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells
 Cell that has receptors for a particular hormone is a target of that hormone

controlled by negative feedback system

32
Q

Endocrine physiology

A

Homeostasis!
 Level of hormone in blood directly or indirectly
“feeds back” to the gland that produced it
 Activity of gland is affected
* Negative feedback system
*Activity decreased by rising levels of hormone
*Positive feedback system
*Activity increased by falling levels of hormone

33
Q

Negative Feedback system

A

When the level of a specific hormone drops below
needed levels, the appropriate endocrine gland is
stimulated to produce more hormone.
 Once the proper hormone level is present in the
bloodstream, stimulation of that endocrine gland is
reduced and production of that hormone is
reduced.

34
Q

Homeostasis examples

A

Body temperature
 Heart rate
 Blood pH
 Levels of hormones
 Blood pressure

35
Q

Is pancreas endocrine or exocrine

A

Both!!!!!

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon of
the brain – nervous tissue
 Links conscious mind with rest of body
 Links cerebrum with endocrine system by regulating pituitary gland

 Controls activities of the pituitary gland
 Portal system of blood vessels links to anterior portion of pituitary gland

 Modified neurons also secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
 Transported to posterior pituitary for storage
 Released into bloodstream by nerve impulses from hypothalamus

37
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH

Helps prevent diuresis
 Released when hypothalamus receptors detect dehydration
* More-concentrated urine is produced
*ADH travels to the kidney – causes kidneys to reabsorb more water (WHERE?) from the urine and return it to the bloodstream
 ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus
*Polydipsia and polyuria

hypothalamus

38
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

 Growth hormone
 Prolactin
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

39
Q

Prolactin

A

Helps trigger and maintain lactation
 Production and release continues as long as teat
continues to be stimulated by nursing or milking
 Without stimulation from prolactin:
* Milk production stops
* Mammary gland shrinks back to non-lactating size
 No known effect in male mammals

Anterior pituitary

40
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T4 = tetra-iodothyronine = thyroxine
*A prohormone, a circulating reservoir
 T3 = tri-iodothyronine
* The active hormone
 Hormones are produced when TSH from anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland

Effect every cell in the body

41
Q

Effects of thyroid hormones

A

 Regulates metabolic rate of all body’s cells
* Calorigenic effect
*Allows animals to maintain constant internal body
temperature
 Affects metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates,
and lipids
*Anabolism or synthesis of proteins, depending on
animal’s diet
* Maintains homeostasis of blood glucose level
*Encourages catabolism of lipids

42
Q

Parathyroid

A

4 small glands posterior to thyroid gland
 Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
* Opposite effect ofcalcitonin
*Prevents hypocalcemia

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Also called parathormone
 Produced by the parathyroid glands
*Small, pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid
glands
 Helps maintain blood calcium levels
 Prevents hypocalcemia
* Causes kidneys to retain calcium and intestine to
absorb calcium from food; withdraws calcium from
bones
*Exerts the opposite effect of calcitonin

44
Q

Adrenal glands

A

 Located near cranial ends of kidneys
 Consist of two glands:
*Adrenal cortex
*Adrenal medulla

45
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The Adrenal Cortex
Produces numerous hormones:
 Glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone)
* Cause general hyperglycemic effect
* Help maintain blood pressure
* Help body resist effects of stress
 Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
* Regulate levels of electrolytes
 Sex hormones (androgens, estrogens

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisone, cortisol
 Gluconeogenesis
* Hyperglycemic effect
 Helps maintain blood
pressure
 Helps animal’s body resist
effects of stress

Produced in the adrenal cortex

47
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone
* Works with ADH
 Electrolyte homeostasis
* Regulate levels of important electrolytes (mineral
salts) in animal’s body
 Targets kidneys to  Na+
retention, reduce urine
volume

Adrenal gland

48
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Resembles nervous tissue
 2 hormones produced
*Epinephrine and norepinephrine
*Secretion controlled by sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system

functions
* “Fight or flight” response
 Increases heart rate and output, increases blood
pressure, dilates air passageways in lungs, and
decreases GI function

49
Q

Pancreas

A

Long, flat organ located in theabdomen near the duodenum. Has both exocrine and endocrine functions

 Only gland in body with exocrine and endocrine function
 Exocrine – digestive enzymes
 Endocrine – small % of pancreas
* Hormones regulating glucose
*Islets of Langherhans
*Pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
*Alpha cells – produce glucagon
*Beta cells – produce insulin
* Delta cells – produce somatostatin

50
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Insulin
 Lowers blood glucose levels
* Causes glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in blood to be absorbed into body cells
Glucagon
 Raises blood glucose levels
*Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen toglucose
*Stimulates glycogenesis (gluconeogenesis)

51
Q

Testes

A

2 testes housed in
scrotum
 Seminiferous tubules
*Spermatogenesis
 Interstitial cells
* Clumps of endocrine cells
* Produce androgens when stimulated by LH
 Testosterone
* Primary androgen
* Provides for development of male secondary sex characteristics and accessory sex glands
* Activates spermatogenesis

52
Q

Testosterone

A

Androgens
*Anabolic effect

Made in the testes

53
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce ova and hormones in cycles
 Cycles controlled by FSH and LH
 Hormone groups produced:
*Estrogens
–From ovarian follicles
*Estradiol and estrone
*Progestins
– From corpus luteum
–Equine – used to synchronize estrous
periods in mares
* Relaxin

54
Q

Relaxin

A

Effects of hormone
* Relaxation of ligaments surrounding birth canal
* Mammary development

55
Q

Cholesterol is the building block for what hormones

A

Progesterone, estrogen, cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone

56
Q

Stomach’s hormone production

A

 Gastrin: produced by cells in the wall of the stomach
 Secretion stimulated by presence of food in the stomach
 Stimulates gastric glands to secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
 Encourages muscular contractions of the stomach wall

57
Q

Small intestine hormone production

A

 Secretin and cholecystokinin produced by cells in lining of small intestine in response to presence of chyme in duodenum
 Secretion occurs in response to presence of chyme in duodenum
 Secretin stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid to neutralize acidic chyme after it passes out of the stomach
 Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum

58
Q

Thymus hormone production

A

 Extends cranially from the level of the heart up into neck region along both sides of the trachea
 Large in young animals, atrophies later in life
 Function involves hormones or hormone-like chemical substances (e.g., thymosin and thymopoietin)
 Seems to cause certain cells to be transformed into T-lymphocytes

59
Q

Pineal Body hormone

A

 A part of the brain
 Influences the body’s biological clock
 Produces the hormone melatonin
*Affects moods and wake-sleep cycles
*“Jet Lag”? 
* May also have role in timing of seasonal estrus
cycles

60
Q

Prostaglandins

A

 Hormone-like substances (“tissue hormones”) derived from unsaturated fatty acids
 Produced in a variety of body tissues (skin, intestine, brain, kidney, lungs, reproductive organs, and eyes)
 Influence blood pressure, blood clotting, inflammation, GI, respiratory, reproductive, and kidney function
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
* Inhibit synthesis of certain prostaglandins
* Side effects (Rimadyl, Deramaxx, Metacam)

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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