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Biol 223 > Chapter 9 Muscle > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is endomysium?

A

the thin layer of ECM that surrounds each muscle cell or fiber

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2
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

between 10-100 muscle cells in a bundle

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3
Q

what is epimysium?

A

the outer fibrous connective tissue wrapping that enclose all the perimysium wrapped fascicles that make up muscle.

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4
Q

What is perimysium?

A

A connective tissue that bundles fascicles together.

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5
Q

What are the 6 arrangement patterns of fascicles?

A
  1. Parallel: evenly spaced fascicles attaching to a tendon of similar width. Ex: Sartorius
  2. Convergent: Broad triangular shaped muscle that tapers to a single tendon. Ex: Pec major
  3. Pennate: fascicles attach to tendon on an angle and look like a feather. Includes unipennate (flexor pollicis), bipennate: Rectus Femoris, and multipennate (Deltoid).
  4. Circular: aka sphincters (obicularis oculi)
  5. Spiral: Twisted appearance. Wrap around another structure such as a bone. Ex: supinator
  6. Fusiform: fatter in muscle belly, thinner on ends. Ex: biceps brachii
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6
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a prime mover. It provides most of the force required for a given movement.

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7
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

usually lies on the other side of the joint from the agonist, and slows movements down. Results is control, and graceful movement.

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8
Q

What is a synergist?

A

work together with agonists to help minimize unwanted deviations. Help stabilize joints.

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9
Q

What is a fixator?

A

hold bones in place to reduce risk of injury.

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10
Q

What are muscle origin and insertion?

A

origin: usually the stable, non-moving end
insertion: is where the muscle attaches to another structure that will be moved.

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11
Q

What is a first-class lever? In what direction is the load moved relative to the applied force?

A

Fulcrum is between load and force (see saw) The force is applied in the opposite direction of movement. Ex: triceps brachii moving the forearm at the elbow. mechanical advantage

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12
Q

What is a second class lever? In what direction is the load moved relative to the applied force?

A

Fulcrum - Load - Force. The force is in the same direction as movement produced. Ex rising up on toes. Mechanical advantage

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13
Q

What is a third-class lever? In what direction is the load moved relative to the applied force?

A

Fulcrum - Force - Load. The force is in the same direction as movement produced. Ex pulling up on a fishing rod. Mechanical disadvantage

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14
Q

Name the 9 different ways that muscles are named.

A

Shape, appearance, size, position, the number of separate heads, location, what structures they attach to, what they do, historical origins.

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15
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm muscle is a vital function associated with the ….. system

A

Respiratory

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16
Q

Skeletal muscles in the throat initiate….

A

Swallowing

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17
Q

Sphincters composed of skeletal muscle allow …… control over the opening and closing of body openings

A

Voluntary

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19
Q

The …… is a large sheet of connective tissue that links the smaller frontalis and occipitalis muscles to form the epicranius.

A

Epicranial Aponeurosis

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20
Q

What are the main actions of the epicranius?

A

To raise the eyebrows and skin of the forehead.

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21
Q

What is the job of obicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris, and corrugator supercilii?

A

Move the skin and tissues around the eye.

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22
Q

Zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, and risorius all function in……?

A

All function in movement of the mouth.

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23
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis Oris?

A

Controls fine movements of the lips critical for eating drinking whistling and proper speech

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24
Q

What are the three muscles involved in facial expressions that convey negative emotions?

A
  1. Depressor anguli Oris
  2. Depressor Labii inferiorus
  3. Mentalis
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25
Q

Which muscle compresses the cheeks and are involved in manipulating food while chewing?

A

Buccinator

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26
Q

Name the broad flat sheet of muscle covering the anterior neck. What is the action of this muscle?

A

Platysma. Action is To produce the open mouth jaw-dropping look of horror that tightens the skin of the neck.

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27
Q

Each eye has how many muscles attached to its outer surface allowing for quick and accurate movements that direct our vision?

A

6

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28
Q

Name the four rectus muscles of the eye. In what direction does each of these muscles move the eyeball?

A
  1. Superior rectus: Move the eyeball superiorly and medially.
  2. Inferior rectus: Move the eyeball inferiorly and laterally.
  3. Medial rectus: Move the eyeball medially
  4. Lateral rectus: Move the eyeball laterally
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29
Q

The superior oblique runs from its origin in the posterior I threw a common tenderness ring that also surrounds the posterior bellies of each rectus muscle through the ……… which serves as a pulley, just before the muscle inserts into the anterior eyeball. In what direction does the superior oblique move the eyeball?

A

Trochlea. Downward and laterally

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30
Q

The inferior oblique does not originate from the posterior orbit, but from the anterior and medial aspect of the orbit and runs underneath the anterior eyeball to insert into the posterior and lateral aspect of the eyeball. In what direction does the inferior oblique move the eyeball?

A

Upward and laterally

31
Q

What are the functions of the muscles of the head and neck?

A

Movement of the head and neck, chewing, and swallowing.

32
Q

Muscles of chewing or mastication either close the …… or elevate the ……

A

Jaw. Mandible

33
Q

Name two powerful muscles that elevate the mandible for biting and chewing

A
  1. Masseter

2. Temporalis

34
Q

Which muscle assists the masseter and temporalis with the elevation and pulls the mandible forward and side to side with the lateral pterygoid?

A

Medial pterygoid

35
Q

What is the job of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Allows forward and side to side motion and also allows for protraction of the mandible.

36
Q

Which 4 muscles push food towards the back of the oral cavity (towards the pharynx)?

A
  1. Digastric
  2. Geniohyoid
  3. Stylohyoid
  4. Mylohyoid
37
Q

The tongue is composed of what three muscles? What is the function of the tongue?

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Hyoglossus
  3. Stylohlossus
    It manipulates food, and pushes it toward the pharynx
38
Q

The sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, and pharyngeal constrictor muscles are all involved in?

A

Swallowing

39
Q

Which 6 muscles move the head and neck?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Scalenes
  3. Splenius Capitis
  4. Splenius cervicis
  5. Trapezius (superior section)
  6. Semispinalis capitis
40
Q

Where are the erector spinae located? What is their function?

A

Vertical columns along the sides of the vertebral column and posterior portions of the ribs. Their function is To extend the vertebral column, rotation and lateral flexion of the vertebral column and to maintain posture.

41
Q

Which erector spinae group is most medial? This group includes which sections?

A

Spinalis. It includes spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis thoracis

42
Q

Which group is just lateral to the Spinalis group? Which muscles does this group include?

A

Longissimus. Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus thorasis

43
Q

What is the most lateral group of erector spinae? Which muscles does this group include?

A

Iliocostalis. Iliocostalis cervicis, thorasis, and lumborum

44
Q

Which muscle group is deep to the erector spinae? Which muscles are included in this group? What are the actions of this group?

A

Transverso-spinal. Includes semispinalis, multifidus, and the rotatores. Similar actions to erector spinae group; extend head, neck and vertebral column.

45
Q

What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Extend and laterally flex spine.

46
Q

Name of the muscles of respiration.

A

The diaphragm, the internal and External intercostals.

47
Q

Name the four abdominal muscles

A

Rectus abdominis, Internal and external obliques, transverse abdominis

48
Q

What is the name of the Connective tissue covering in which the rectus abdominis is found?

A

Rectus sheath

49
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

A line of connective tissue that is found at the abdominal midline. It separates the left and right abdominal rectus muscles.

50
Q

The pelvic floor consists of what muscle group? What muscles are included in this group?

A

Bilateral levator Ani groups. Includes the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and the coccygeus muscles.

51
Q

Urogenital diaphragm which transmits the urethra and vagina in females from the pelvic cavity to the perineum consists of the following muscles…..

A

The urethral sphincter, the deep transverse perineal and superficial transverse perineal muscles, and the external anal sphincter.

52
Q

What is the function of the urethral sphincter? What is the function of the deep transverse and superficial transverse perineal muscles? What is the function of the extern all anal sphincter muscle?

A
  1. Urethral sphincter: allows for voluntary control of urination.
  2. The deep and superficial transverse perineal muscles: provide support to the pelvic region.
  3. The external anal sphincter: allows for voluntary control of defecation.
53
Q

Which five muscles move the scapula?

A

Serrated anterior, pectoralis minor, rhomboid major and minor, levator scapula, trapezius superior middle and inferior.

54
Q

Name the nine muscles that move the arm.

A

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, teres major and minor, Coracobrachialis, Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis.

55
Q

Which for Muscles make the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis.

56
Q

Wrist flexors of the anterior forearm include the following muscles…

A

Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris

57
Q

Finger and thumb flexors of the deep anterior forearm include the following muscles

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus , flexor pollicis longus.

58
Q

Which muscle pronates the forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus, and pronaor teres

59
Q

Forearm muscle involved in supination is the….

A

Supinator

60
Q

What are the wrist extensors of the posterior and lateral forearm?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris

61
Q

Which muscles extend the fingers and thumb?

A

Extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus and brevis

62
Q

Which muscles are found in the hand or they move the thumb and fingers?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis, lumbricals, Palmer interossei, and dorsal interossei

63
Q

Which muscles flex the fight at the hip?

A

Iliopsoas and sartorius

64
Q

Which medial thigh muscles adduct the thigh?

A

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis

65
Q

Which two muscles found in the medial thigh assist with hip add duction and knee flexion?

A

Pectineus and gracilis

66
Q

Which four muscles comprise the quadriceps femoris group? What is the function of this group?

A

Rectus Femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.

Function: Straightens leg at the knee, antagonist to hamstrings in leg extension, and rectus femoris assists in thigh flexion

67
Q

Which muscles make up the gluteal group? What is the function of this group?

A

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.

Extend, abduct, medially and laterally rotate the thigh.

68
Q

Name the deep six lateral rotators of the thigh.

A

Piriformis, obturator internus and externus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris

69
Q

Name of the muscles that make up the hamstrings. What is the function of this group?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous.

Flexion of knee and assists in extension of thigh

70
Q

Which muscles Dorsi flex the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus. Extensor hallicus longus assists by pulling up big toe.

71
Q

Which muscles make up the triceps surae group? What is the function of this group?

A

Soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris

Plantar flexion

72
Q

name the muscles found on the lateral leg that allow for foot eversion

A

fibularis longus and brevis

73
Q

which muscles muscles are found deep to the triceps surae group?

A

Tibialis posterior: foot inversion
Flexor Hallucis Longus: flexes the great toe
Flexor Digitorum Longus: flexes toes 2-5.

Biol 223 (13 decks)

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