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Biol 223 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the involuntary arm of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), also known as the …………… division.

A

involuntary

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2
Q

The ANS is divided into two separate divisions, the …………….. and …………….. nervous systems, which work together constantly to maintain homeostasis.

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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3
Q

The ANS oversees most vital functions including what 3 functions?

A
  1. heart rate
  2. blood pressure
  3. digestive and urinary processes
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4
Q

Summarize the visceral reflex arc in the ANS

A
  1. sensory info from skin and viscera is sent to brain.
  2. CNS integrates info
  3. motor impulses are sent to autonomic ganglia
  4. autonomic ganglia send impulses to target organs where a response is triggered.
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5
Q

Somatic motor division neurons innervate …………. muscle, which leads to …………. muscle control.

A

skeletal, voluntary.

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6
Q

Autonomic motor neurons innervate ……….. muscle cells, ………… muscle cells, and glands, and produce …………… actions.

A

cardic, smooth, involuntary.

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7
Q

ANS motor neurons do not directly innervate their target like somatic motors neurons; instead, they require the following two neuron circuits:

  1. The first neuron is the …………. neuron, which is the initial efferent neuron whose cell body resides within the CNS. All of these axons release the neurotransmitter ……………..
  2. The second is the …………… neuron, whose cell body resides in the autonomic ganglion in the PNS. The axons of these neurons travel to the target cells where they trigger specific changes, either inhibitory or excitatory responses, by releasing specific neurotransmitters, either …………… or
    ………………. .
A
  1. preganglionic neuron, acetylcholine.

2. postganglionic neuron, acetylcholine or epinephrine/noepinephrine

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8
Q

The sympathetic nervous system: preganglionic axons are usually ……………… and postganglionic axons are usually ……………….

A

short, long

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9
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies originate in the ………….. and …………….. giving rise to the name, ………….. division.

A

thoracic, lumbar, thoracolumbar

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10
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are generally located near the …………………, where preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neuron cell bodies. Postganglionic axons proceed to the target.

A

spinal cord

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11
Q

This is the “ or “ division of the ANS because it prepares the body for emergency situations.

A

fight or flight

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12
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic parasympathetic axons are ……….. while postganglionic axons are …………..

A

long, short

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13
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies are located within the nuclei of several cranial nerves in the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord giving rise to the name, …………. division.

A

craniosacral

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14
Q

What do the cranial nerves of the parasympathetic division innervate? What do the sacral nerves of this division innervate?

A

head and neck, structures in the pelvic cavity

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15
Q

Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons (in the parasympathetic division) are usually located near the target organ, which requires only a short axon to make the connection.

A

target organ

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16
Q

actions of the parasympathetic division directly antagonize those of the ……….. division. Together, these two divisions maintain a delicate balance to ensure that homeostasis is preserved.

A

sympathetic

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17
Q

Name some situations when the sympathetic nervous system is adapted to maintain homeostasis:

A

experiencing strong emotions, minor physical activitites like standing up.

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18
Q

The section of chain ganglia that extends above the thoracic spinal cord terminates in the …………… ganglion. The section of chain that extends below the lumbar spinal cord terminates in the ………….. ganglion.

A

superior cervical, inferior sacral

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19
Q

Preganglionic axons quickly separate from the spinal nerve anterior ramus to form a small nerve called the white (myelinated) rami communicantes, which leads to the postganglionic cell bodies found in the …………… chain ganglion.

A

synaptic chain ganglion

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20
Q

Some preganglionic axons pass through the chain ganglia without forming synapses. These may form synapses with …………. ganglia located near the target organ.

A

collateral ganglia

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21
Q

Preganglionic axons that synapse with collateral ganglia near the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are components of the ……………. nerves.

A

splanchnic nerves

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22
Q

The following three synapse options are possible between the pre and postganglionic neuron:

  1. Preganglionic axons can synapse with:
  2. Preganglionic axons can ascend or descend to synapse with:
  3. Preganglionic axons can pass through the chain ganglia and travel to ………. ganglia where they synapse.
A
  1. a postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic chain ganglion
  2. in a different chain ganglion
  3. collateral
23
Q

where do preganglionic neurons originate?

A

lateral horn of spinal cord

24
Q

Preganglionic axons quickly separate from the spinal nerve anterior ramus to form a small nerve called …………………., which leads to the postganglionic cell bodies found in the …………….. chain ganglion.

A

white (myelinated) rami communicantes, sympathetic

25
Q

Some preganglionic axons pass through the chain ganglia without forming synapses. These may form synapses with …………….. ganglia located near the target organ.

A

collateral

26
Q

Preganglionic axons that synapse with collateral ganglia near the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are components of the …………… nerves.

A

splanchnic

27
Q

Postganglionic axons exit the ganglia as …………………., which reunite to travel with spinal nerves until they reach their target cells.

A

small gray (unmyelinated) rami communicantes

28
Q
  1. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used in excitatory synapses between sympathetic ………….. axons and …………. neurons.
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) is the most frequently utilized neurotransmitter released into the synapses between ……………….. axons and target cells.
  3. Epinephrine (adrenalin) is the third neurotransmitter that can be released into synapses between ………….. axons and target cells.
A
  1. preganglionic, postganglionic
  2. postganglionic
  3. postganglionic
29
Q

Classes of sympathetic receptors: Adrenergic receptors bind to ………………. and …………….. The two major types of adrenergic receptors, ………………..and ………………, are further classified into subtypes.

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine. Alpha and beta receptors

30
Q
  1. Where are alpha-1 receptors located?
  2. Where are alpha-2 receptors located?
  3. Where are beta-1 receptors located?
  4. Where are beta-2 receptors located?
  5. Where are beta-3 receptors located?
A
  1. smooth muscle in gastrointestinal tract
  2. preganglionic sympathetic neuron (prevents excessive sympathetic activity).
  3. cardiac muscle
  4. smooth muscle lining lungs
  5. digestive tract
31
Q

Classes of sympathetic receptors: Cholinergic receptors bind to …………….. and include the following two types: ………………… and ………………..

A

acetylcholine. muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors

32
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located? Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

muscarinic: sweat glands in skin. nicotinic: adrenal medulla

33
Q

Explain how alpha-2 receptors differ from the other adrenergic receptor subtypes.

A

found in preganglionic sympathetic neuron. They prevent action potentials from firing to postganglionic cells, and are part of the shut off system for sympathetic response.

34
Q

Summarize the effects of norepinephrine on cardiac muscle cells when it binds b-1 receptors

A

increase in heart rate and force of contraction, which increases blood flow to tissues and increases blood pressure

35
Q

Constriction of blood vessels serving the digestive, urinary, and integumentary system occurs when norepinephrine binds to …………… receptors, which decreases blood flow to these organs.

A

alpha 1

36
Q

Dilation of the bronchioles occurs when norepinephrine binds to ……………. receptors, which increases the amount of oxygen that can be inhaled with each breath.

A

beta 2

37
Q

Dilation of blood vessels serving the skeletal and cardiac muscle occurs when norepinephrine binds to b-2 receptors, which ……………….. the blood flow, allowing for an increase in physical activity.

A

increases

38
Q

Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract occurs when norepinephrine binds to b-2, which ……………….. digestion during increased physical activity.

A

slows

39
Q

Dilation of the pupils occurs when norepinephrine binds to a-1 receptors that cause the dilator papillae muscles to contract, which causes the pupil to allow …………… .

A

light in by dilating

40
Q

Constriction of blood vessels serving most exocrine glands occurs when norepinephrine binds to beta receptors on the blood vessels serving various salivary glands, which …………….. the secretion of saliva, with the exception of sweat glands.

A

decreases

41
Q

Effects on cellular metabolism: during times of sympathetic nervous activation, nearly all cells, especially skeletal muscle, require higher amounts of ATP. To assist with this higher energy demand norepinephrine has the following three effects:

A
  1. triggers the breakdown of fatty acids for fuel
  2. binds to liver to trigger release of glucose
  3. binds to pancreas to trigger release of glucogon
42
Q

Effects on secretion from sweat glands: the sympathetic nervous system attempts to maintain body temperature homeostasis during periods of increased physical activity. Summarize the process:

A

postganglionic neurons release ACh that binds to muscarinic receptors and increases secretions of sweat

43
Q

Effects on cells of the adrenal medulla: the adrenal medulla sits on top of each kidney. It is in direct contact with preganglionic sympathetic neurons. The medulla of this multifunctional endocrine gland is composed of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons with the following functions:

  1. ACh is released from preganglionic neurons that then bind to ………… receptors on the adrenal medulla cells.
  2. ACh stimulates the medullary cells to release …………… and ……………….. into the bloodstream. In this case these are considered hormones rather than neurotransmitters.
  3. These hormones act as long-distance chemical messengers and act as an interface between the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems.
A
  1. nicotinic

2. epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

What are some of the functions the parasympathetic nervous system maintains?

A

body’s maintenance, digestion and urine formation

45
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves are associated with the ………. (CN III), …………….. (CN VII), …………. (CN IX), and …………… (CN X) nerve.

A

Oculomotor III, Facial VII, Glossopharyngeal IX, and Vagus X

46
Q

The two ……….. nerves are the main parasympathetic nerves that innervate most thoracic and abdominal viscera.

A

Vagus X

47
Q

Branches of the vagus nerves contribute to the ………….., and …………. plexuses.

A

cardiac, pulmonary, esophogeal

48
Q

The parasympathetic sacral nerves make up the pelvic nerve-component of this division. This subdivision supplies the last segment of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs.
Sacral nerve branches form the pelvic ……………. nerves, which form plexuses in the pelvic floor.

A

splachnic

49
Q

Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters and Receptors: both pre and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release …………….. at their synapses, and the effect is generally ………………. The following two cholinergic receptors are components of this ANS division:

  1. ………………… receptors are located in the membranes of all postganglionic neurons.
  2. ……………….. receptors are located in the membranes of all parasympathetic target cells.
A

ACh, excitatory.

  1. nicotinic
  2. muscarinic
50
Q

Effects on cardiac muscle cells: parasympathetic activity …………… heart rate and blood pressure.

A

decreases

51
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons travel to the heart with the vagus nerve (CN X). Postganglionic neurons ……………. the heart rate, which reduces the blood pressure.

A

reduce

52
Q

Effects on smooth muscle cells: postganglionic neurons innervate smooth muscle cells in many organs with the following effects:

  1. Constriction of the pupil involves the ………………. nerves, CN III, the ciliary ganglion, and the sphincter papillae muscle, which reduces the amount of light allowed into the eye.
  2. Accommodation of the lens for near vision involves the …………….. nerves, CN III, and the contraction of the ……………. muscle, which changes the lens to a more rounded shaped.
  3. Constriction of the bronchioles or bronchoconstriction involves the …………… nerves, CN X.
  4. Contraction of the smooth muscle lining the digestive tract involves the ………………. nerves, CN X, which produces rhythmic contractions called peristalsis that propels food through the digestive tract.
  5. Relaxation of digestive and urinary sphincters involves the ……………….. nerves, CN X, and sacral nerves, which promotes ………….. and ………………….
  6. Engorgement of the penis or clitoris occurs when stimulated by the sacral nerves in the male or female respectively.
  7. Although the parasympathetic division only innervates specific blood vessels, many blood vessels dilate when the system is activated, due to a reduction in sympathetic activity.
A
  1. Oculomotor III
  2. Oculomotor III, cilliary
  3. Vagus X
  4. Vagus X
  5. Vagus X, urination and defecation
53
Q

Effects on glandular epithelial cells: the parasympathetic division has little effect on sweat glands but does increase secretion production from other glands:

  1. CN VII stimulation stimulates tear production from ……………. glands and mucus production from glands in the nasal mucosa.
  2. CN VII and IX stimulation leads to increased production of …………….. from the salivary glands.
  3. CN X stimulates secretion of enzymes and other products from ……………….. tract cells.
A
  1. lacrimal
  2. saliva
  3. digestive

Biol 223 (13 decks)

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