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Biol 223 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the …………. and ………….., and is involved in movement, interpreting sensory information, maintaining homeostasis, and functions relating to the mind.

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the four divisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brainstem
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3
Q

The cerebrum, the enlarged superior portion of the brain, is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Summarize the responsibilities of the cerebrum:

A

Performs higher mental functions, executing movement, behavior, conscience, attention, processing sensory info, hearing, language, memory, emotion, process visual info, taste.

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4
Q

Which region is functionally the most complex part of the brain that covers the underlying cerebral hemispheres?

A

The cerebral cortex

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5
Q

The cerebellum, the posterior and inferior portion of the brain, is divided into left and right hemispheres. Summarize the responsibilities of the cerebellum:

A

coordination of movement

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6
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

plans and executes movement

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7
Q

What are the functions of the primary sensory cortices at the first regions?

A

receive and process sensory input

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8
Q

Gross anatomical features of the cerebrum include……….., …………., ……………

A

sulci (shallow grooves), fissures (deep grooves), and gyri (elevated ridges between sulci)

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9
Q

Name the 5 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum, and what their neurons are responsible for

A
  1. Frontal. planning executing movement. Behavior, conscience, personality
  2. Parietal. sensory info
  3. Temporal. hearing, language, memory, emotion
  4. Occipital. vision
  5. Insulas: taste and viscera
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10
Q

Where are the insulas found? What functions are their neurons involved in?

A

under the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. functions related to taste and visceral organs

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11
Q

The special senses, touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste, have a primary and a unimodal association area, as does the sense of equilibrium or balance. These areas are found in all the lobes of the cerebral cortex except the ………. lobe.

A

frontal lobe

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12
Q

What type of somatic sensory information do the two main somatosensory areas, located in the cerebral cortex, deal with?

A

temperature and touch

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13
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located?

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (posterior to the primary motor cortex)

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14
Q

Where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located?

A

posterior to S1

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15
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

posterior end of the occipital lobe. It is the first to receive visual input, and feeds this info to the visual association areas.

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16
Q

What is the function of the visual association areas?

A

They process color, object movement, and depth

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17
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located? What type of information is received by this cortex? Where is this information transferred?

A

superior temporal lobe. auditory info. Info is transferred to auditory association cortex.

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18
Q

Where is taste information processed?

A

gustatory cortex

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19
Q

Where are the vestibular areas located? What information do these areas deal with?

A

parietal and temporal lobes. info pertaining to equilibrium and position

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20
Q

Where is smell information processed?

A

olfactory cortex

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21
Q

Language areas are processed in the following two areas of the cortex: …………. area, found in the anterolateral frontal lobe, is a premotor area responsible for the ability to produce speech sounds; …………… area (integrative speech area), located in the temporal and parietal lobes, is responsible for the ability to understand language.

A

Broca’s area (produces speech), and Wernicke’s area (understanding speech)

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22
Q

The prefrontal cortex occupies most of the frontal lobe and communicates with the …………, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and the association areas located in other lobes.

A

diencephalon

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23
Q

What are the 5 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and psychological state

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24
Q

The parietal and temporal association cortices occupy most of their respective host lobe. Summarize the 5 functions of these association areas:

A

integration of sensory info, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness

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25
Q

What are the 3 regions of the basale nuclei?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
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26
Q

What are the 3 classifications of cerebral white matter?

A
  1. Commissural Fibers: connect R&L hemispheres (corpus callosum)
  2. Projection Fibers: connect areas of the same hemisphere
  3. Association Fibers
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27
Q

Summarize a possible pathway for information transferred by the conduction of an action potential from one region of the brain to another

A
  1. action potential originates in grey matter.
  2. sent to another area of grey matter by projection fibers.
  3. sent to neighboring grey matter by association fibers
  4. sent to other hemisphere by commissural fibers.
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28
Q

What is included in the limbic system, and what is its function?

A

limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix.

functions: memory, learning, emotion, and behavior

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29
Q

The diencephalon, deep underneath the cerebral hemispheres, is the central core of the brain. Summarize the responsibilities of the diencephalon, and its components:

A

Thalamus: controls the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus: regulates ANS and homeostatic functions

Epithalamus: contains pineal gland, releases melatonin

Subthalamus: works with basale nuclei to control movement

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30
Q

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. Summarize the responsibilities of the brainstem:

A

maintenance of heart rate, breathing rhythm, and numerous reflexes that function in movement, sensation, and alertness

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31
Q

Each lobe of the cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called ………… that receive input from, and send output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral gray matter called……………

A

tracts, nuclei

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32
Q

Most motor areas are located in the ………. lobe, which contain upper motor neurons, which are interneurons, that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle).

A

frontal lobe

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33
Q

Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of the opposite side of the body via PNS neurons called …………. motor neurons that execute the order to move.

A

lower

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34
Q

The frontal eye fields are paired motor association areas, one on each side of the brain anterior to the ……… cortex, involved in back and forth eye movements.

A

primary motor cortex

35
Q

The neurons in the hypothalamus perform which 4 vital functions? Which gland is linked to the hypothalamus?

A
  1. regulate ANS
  2. regulate thirst/hunger
  3. regulate sleep/wake cycle
  4. regulate body temp.

Linked with Pituitary gland

36
Q

The epithalamus is superior to the thalamus but most of its bulk is an endocrine gland called the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone …………

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin

37
Q

The epithalamus is superior to the thalamus but most of its bulk is an endocrine gland called the ……….. gland, which secretes the hormone …………

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin

38
Q

The pons is inferior to the midbrain. Summarize the roles of the pons

A

regulate movement, breath, reflexes, sleep, and arousal

39
Q

The pyramids contain …………… motor neuron fibers of the ………….. tract (pyramidal tract), which decussate (crossover) within the pyramids then travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

A

upper motor neurons, corticospinal

40
Q

The reticular formation receives info from what 3 sources?

A

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and senory info

41
Q

What is the function of the central nuclei, located in the center of the reticular formation? What is the function of the nuclei surrounding the central nuclei

A

central nuclei: sleep, pain transmission, and mood.

surrounding nuclei: motor functions of skeletal muscle and ANS

42
Q

Which 3 features within the protective shell of the skull provide additional shelter for the delicate brain tissue:

A
  1. Cranial Meninges
  2. The ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
  3. The blood-brain barrier
43
Q

The Cranial Meninges are composed of three protective membrane layers of mostly dense irregular collagenous tissue. The structural arrangement from superficial to deep is as follows:

A
  1. Epidural space
  2. Dura Mater
  3. Subdural space
  4. Arachnoid Mater
  5. Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)
  6. Pia Mater
44
Q

The dura mater is a tough double- layered membrane is composed mostly of ……….. fibers with few elastic fibers. Dural sinuses are venous channels that drain ……… and deoxygenated blood from the brain’s extensive network of veins.

A

collagen, CSF

45
Q

The subdural space, filled with ……….. fluid, houses veins that drain …….. from the brain.

A

serous fluid, blood

46
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

small projections of the arachnoid that poke up into the dural sinuses to return CSF to the bloodstream

47
Q

The subarachnoid space contains ………..

A

CSF

48
Q

What is the only meninx in physical contact with the brain tissue?

A

The pia mater

49
Q

The ventricles and central canal are lined with …………. cells and filled with ………… fluid

A

ependymal cells, CSF

50
Q

The third ventricle is a narrow cavity found between the two lobes of the diencephalon and is connected to the lateral ventricles by an opening called the ………….. foramen.

A

interventricular foramen

51
Q

The fourth ventricle, found between the pons and cerebellum, is connected to the third ventricle by a small passageway through the midbrain called the …………….

A

cerebral aqueduct

52
Q

In what ways does CSF protect the brain

A
  1. Bouyancy
  2. Waste removal
  3. Temperature maintenance
53
Q

Why are the choroid plexuses significant? Where are they located?

A

They produce CSF, within the 4 ventricles

54
Q

Summarize the general pathway for the formation, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF

A
  1. fluid/electrolyte leakage from choroid plexuses
  2. Ependymal cells secrete CSF into ventricles
  3. CSF circulation through brain in subarachnoid space
  4. some CSF is reabsorbed in dural spaces via arachnoid granulations
55
Q

what is the blood brain barrier, and what does it prevent from crossing?

A

more tight junctions on cells and astrocytes wrapping around cells that prevent entry of large polar molecules into the brain.

56
Q

What are the 3 spinal meninges? How are they different from cranial meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater

the dura mater is made of only one layer (rather than 2). Also the pia plays and anchoring role by projecting denticulate ligaments to attach to the dura mater.

57
Q

What are the 3 spaces of spinal meninges?

A
  1. epidural
  2. subdural
  3. subarachnoid
58
Q

Spinal gray matter makes up three distinct regions. What are they, and what do they do?

A
  1. Anterior horn (broad wing of butterfly): somatic motor functions
  2. Posterior horn: somatic and visceral sensory info
  3. Lateral horn: motor control of viscera, ANS.
59
Q

Spinal White Matter: Ascending and Descending Tracts. The white matter contains the axons of neurons that travel to and from brain, which allows the spinal cord to fulfill one of its primary functions as a relay station. White matter is organized into a general region called a …………

A

funiculus

60
Q

Ascending tracts carry …………. information, whereas descending tracts carry ……….. info.

A

sensory, motor

61
Q

When the CNS has received all the different sensory inputs from various parts of the brain, it integrates them into a single perception. What is perception?

A

a conscious awareness of the sensation

62
Q

Sensations can be grouped into …………. senses or …………. senses

A

special senses or general senses

63
Q

what 5 senses are considered general senses?

A
  1. touch
  2. stretch
  3. position
  4. pain
  5. temperature
64
Q

What are the 2 major ascending tracts in the spinal cord that carry somatic sensory information to the brain?

A
  1. Posterior column/medial lemniscal system

2. anterolateral system

65
Q

A …………-order neuron detects the initial stimulus in the PNS. The axon of this neuron then synapses on a second-order neuron.

The ………. -order neuron, an interneuron located in the posterior horn of the spinal cord or brainstem, then relays the stimulus to a third- order neuron.

The …………..-order neuron, is an interneuron found in the thalamus, delivers the impulse to the cerebral cortex.

A

first, second, third

66
Q

Posterior columns/medial lemnsical system includes axons of neurons that transmit tactile information about discriminative touch and axons that convey information regarding …………….

A

proprioception or joint position

67
Q

What does the anterolateral system transmit?

A

pain, temperature, and non-discriminative touch

68
Q

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Sensation: The thalamus relays most incoming information to the primary somatosensory cortex, or S1, in the postcentral gyrus, where each part of the body is represented by a specific region of S1, a type of organization called ………..

A

somatotopy

69
Q

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Processing of Touch: Thalamic nuclei relay touch information from the ………….. tracts and posterior columns primarily to S1 for conscious perception.

A

spinothalamic

70
Q

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Processing of Pain: The perception of pain stimuli is called …………..

A

nociception

71
Q

What are the special senses?

A

vision, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and vestibular

72
Q

The cerebral cortex processes info from all the special senses except ………….

A

olfaction

73
Q

Which three types of neurons are directly involved in eliciting a muscle contraction?

A
  1. upper motor neurons
  2. local interneurons
  3. lower motor neurons
74
Q

Even simple movements require the simultaneous firing of countless neurons as part of a selected group of actions called a ……………..

A

motor program

75
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex in voluntary movement?

A

Initiates voluntary movement by selecting an appropriate motor program.

76
Q

What are the structures and role of the basal nuclei in voluntary movement?

A

Globus Pallidus inhibits the thalamus to avoid inappropriate movement. Caudate Nucleus and Putamen inhibit Globus Pallidus to allow voluntary movement.

77
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in voluntary movement?

A

monitors movements and corrects errors

78
Q

What are the main two body systems dedicated to maintaining homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine

79
Q

What two structures of the CNS are concerned directly with the maintenance of homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus and the reticular formation of the brainstem

80
Q

Which part of the brain is the boss of the ANS and regulates temperature, hunger, and sleep wake cycles?

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

What is sleep?

A

An altered state of consciousness

82
Q

Which 3 areas are involved in cognition?

A
  1. Parietal association cortex: attention, spatial awareness
  2. Temporal association cortex: recognition
  3. Prefrontal cortex: character/personality
83
Q

The following are two basic types of memory are classified by the length of time in which they are stored:

A

declarative and nondeclarative memory

Biol 223 (13 decks)

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