Chapter 12

Question 1

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the …………. and ………….., and is involved in movement, interpreting sensory information, maintaining homeostasis, and functions relating to the mind.

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What are the four divisions of the brain?

Answer 2

1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum
4. brainstem

Question 3

The cerebrum, the enlarged superior portion of the brain, is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Summarize the responsibilities of the cerebrum:

Answer 3

Performs higher mental functions, executing movement, behavior, conscience, attention, processing sensory info, hearing, language, memory, emotion, process visual info, taste.

Question 4

Which region is functionally the most complex part of the brain that covers the underlying cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 4

The cerebral cortex

Question 5

The cerebellum, the posterior and inferior portion of the brain, is divided into left and right hemispheres. Summarize the responsibilities of the cerebellum:

Answer 5

coordination of movement

Question 6

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 6

plans and executes movement

Question 7

What are the functions of the primary sensory cortices at the first regions?

Answer 7

receive and process sensory input

Question 8

Gross anatomical features of the cerebrum include……….., …………., ……………

Answer 8

sulci (shallow grooves), fissures (deep grooves), and gyri (elevated ridges between sulci)

Question 9

Name the 5 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum, and what their neurons are responsible for

Answer 9

1. Frontal. planning executing movement. Behavior, conscience, personality
2. Parietal. sensory info
3. Temporal. hearing, language, memory, emotion
4. Occipital. vision
5. Insulas: taste and viscera

Question 10

Where are the insulas found? What functions are their neurons involved in?

Answer 10

under the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. functions related to taste and visceral organs

Question 11

The special senses, touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste, have a primary and a unimodal association area, as does the sense of equilibrium or balance. These areas are found in all the lobes of the cerebral cortex except the ………. lobe.

Answer 11

frontal lobe

Question 12

What type of somatic sensory information do the two main somatosensory areas, located in the cerebral cortex, deal with?

Answer 12

temperature and touch

Question 13

Where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located?

Answer 13

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (posterior to the primary motor cortex)

Question 14

Where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located?

Answer 14

posterior to S1

Question 15

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

Answer 15

posterior end of the occipital lobe. It is the first to receive visual input, and feeds this info to the visual association areas.

Question 16

What is the function of the visual association areas?

Answer 16

They process color, object movement, and depth

Question 17

Where is the primary auditory cortex located? What type of information is received by this cortex? Where is this information transferred?

Answer 17

superior temporal lobe. auditory info. Info is transferred to auditory association cortex.

Question 18

Where is taste information processed?

Answer 18

gustatory cortex

Question 19

Where are the vestibular areas located? What information do these areas deal with?

Answer 19

parietal and temporal lobes. info pertaining to equilibrium and position

Question 20

Where is smell information processed?

Answer 20

olfactory cortex

Question 21

Language areas are processed in the following two areas of the cortex: …………. area, found in the anterolateral frontal lobe, is a premotor area responsible for the ability to produce speech sounds; …………… area (integrative speech area), located in the temporal and parietal lobes, is responsible for the ability to understand language.

Answer 21

Broca’s area (produces speech), and Wernicke’s area (understanding speech)

Question 22

The prefrontal cortex occupies most of the frontal lobe and communicates with the …………, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and the association areas located in other lobes.

Answer 22

diencephalon

Question 23

What are the 5 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 23

modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and psychological state

Question 24

The parietal and temporal association cortices occupy most of their respective host lobe. Summarize the 5 functions of these association areas:

Answer 24

integration of sensory info, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness

Question 25

What are the 3 regions of the basale nuclei?

Answer 25

1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus

Question 26

What are the 3 classifications of cerebral white matter?

Answer 26

1. Commissural Fibers: connect R&L hemispheres (corpus callosum) 2. Projection Fibers: connect areas of the same hemisphere 3. Association Fibers

Question 27

Summarize a possible pathway for information transferred by the conduction of an action potential from one region of the brain to another

Answer 27

1. action potential originates in grey matter. 2. sent to another area of grey matter by projection fibers. 3. sent to neighboring grey matter by association fibers 4. sent to other hemisphere by commissural fibers.

Question 28

What is included in the limbic system, and what is its function?

Answer 28

limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix. functions: memory, learning, emotion, and behavior

Question 29

The diencephalon, deep underneath the cerebral hemispheres, is the central core of the brain. Summarize the responsibilities of the diencephalon, and its components:

Answer 29

Thalamus: controls the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: regulates ANS and homeostatic functions Epithalamus: contains pineal gland, releases melatonin Subthalamus: works with basale nuclei to control movement

Question 30

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. Summarize the responsibilities of the brainstem:

Answer 30

maintenance of heart rate, breathing rhythm, and numerous reflexes that function in movement, sensation, and alertness

Question 31

Each lobe of the cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called ............ that receive input from, and send output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral gray matter called...............

Answer 31

tracts, nuclei

Question 32

Most motor areas are located in the .......... lobe, which contain upper motor neurons, which are interneurons, that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle).

Answer 32

frontal lobe

Question 33

Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of the opposite side of the body via PNS neurons called ............. motor neurons that execute the order to move.

Answer 33

lower

Question 34

The frontal eye fields are paired motor association areas, one on each side of the brain anterior to the ......... cortex, involved in back and forth eye movements.

Answer 34

primary motor cortex

Question 35

The neurons in the hypothalamus perform which 4 vital functions? Which gland is linked to the hypothalamus?

Answer 35

1. regulate ANS 2. regulate thirst/hunger 3. regulate sleep/wake cycle 4. regulate body temp. Linked with Pituitary gland

Question 36

The epithalamus is superior to the thalamus but most of its bulk is an endocrine gland called the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone ............

Answer 36

pineal gland secretes melatonin

Question 37

The epithalamus is superior to the thalamus but most of its bulk is an endocrine gland called the ........... gland, which secretes the hormone ............

Answer 37

pineal gland secretes melatonin

Question 38

The pons is inferior to the midbrain. Summarize the roles of the pons

Answer 38

regulate movement, breath, reflexes, sleep, and arousal

Question 39

The pyramids contain ............... motor neuron fibers of the .............. tract (pyramidal tract), which decussate (crossover) within the pyramids then travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

Answer 39

upper motor neurons, corticospinal

Question 40

The reticular formation receives info from what 3 sources?

Answer 40

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and senory info

Question 41

What is the function of the central nuclei, located in the center of the reticular formation? What is the function of the nuclei surrounding the central nuclei

Answer 41

central nuclei: sleep, pain transmission, and mood. surrounding nuclei: motor functions of skeletal muscle and ANS

Question 42

Which 3 features within the protective shell of the skull provide additional shelter for the delicate brain tissue:

Answer 42

1. Cranial Meninges 2. The ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 3. The blood-brain barrier

Question 43

The Cranial Meninges are composed of three protective membrane layers of mostly dense irregular collagenous tissue. The structural arrangement from superficial to deep is as follows:

Answer 43

1. Epidural space 2. Dura Mater 3. Subdural space 4. Arachnoid Mater 5. Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) 6. Pia Mater

Question 44

The dura mater is a tough double- layered membrane is composed mostly of ........... fibers with few elastic fibers. Dural sinuses are venous channels that drain ......... and deoxygenated blood from the brain's extensive network of veins.

Answer 44

collagen, CSF

Question 45

The subdural space, filled with ........... fluid, houses veins that drain ........ from the brain.

Answer 45

serous fluid, blood

Question 46

What are arachnoid granulations?

Answer 46

small projections of the arachnoid that poke up into the dural sinuses to return CSF to the bloodstream

Question 47

The subarachnoid space contains ...........

Answer 47

CSF

Question 48

What is the only meninx in physical contact with the brain tissue?

Answer 48

The pia mater

Question 49

The ventricles and central canal are lined with ............. cells and filled with ............ fluid

Answer 49

ependymal cells, CSF

Question 50

The third ventricle is a narrow cavity found between the two lobes of the diencephalon and is connected to the lateral ventricles by an opening called the .............. foramen.

Answer 50

interventricular foramen

Question 51

The fourth ventricle, found between the pons and cerebellum, is connected to the third ventricle by a small passageway through the midbrain called the ................

Answer 51

cerebral aqueduct

Question 52

In what ways does CSF protect the brain

Answer 52

1. Bouyancy 2. Waste removal 3. Temperature maintenance

Question 53

Why are the choroid plexuses significant? Where are they located?

Answer 53

They produce CSF, within the 4 ventricles

Question 54

Summarize the general pathway for the formation, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF

Answer 54

1. fluid/electrolyte leakage from choroid plexuses 2. Ependymal cells secrete CSF into ventricles 3. CSF circulation through brain in subarachnoid space 4. some CSF is reabsorbed in dural spaces via arachnoid granulations

Question 55

what is the blood brain barrier, and what does it prevent from crossing?

Answer 55

more tight junctions on cells and astrocytes wrapping around cells that prevent entry of large polar molecules into the brain.

Question 56

What are the 3 spinal meninges? How are they different from cranial meninges?

Answer 56

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater the dura mater is made of only one layer (rather than 2). Also the pia plays and anchoring role by projecting denticulate ligaments to attach to the dura mater.

Question 57

What are the 3 spaces of spinal meninges?

Answer 57

1. epidural 2. subdural 3. subarachnoid

Question 58

Spinal gray matter makes up three distinct regions. What are they, and what do they do?

Answer 58

1. Anterior horn (broad wing of butterfly): somatic motor functions 2. Posterior horn: somatic and visceral sensory info 3. Lateral horn: motor control of viscera, ANS.

Question 59

Spinal White Matter: Ascending and Descending Tracts. The white matter contains the axons of neurons that travel to and from brain, which allows the spinal cord to fulfill one of its primary functions as a relay station. White matter is organized into a general region called a ............

Answer 59

funiculus

Question 60

Ascending tracts carry ............. information, whereas descending tracts carry ........... info.

Answer 60

sensory, motor

Question 61

When the CNS has received all the different sensory inputs from various parts of the brain, it integrates them into a single perception. What is perception?

Answer 61

a conscious awareness of the sensation

Question 62

Sensations can be grouped into ............. senses or ............. senses

Answer 62

special senses or general senses

Question 63

what 5 senses are considered general senses?

Answer 63

1. touch 2. stretch 3. position 4. pain 5. temperature

Question 64

What are the 2 major ascending tracts in the spinal cord that carry somatic sensory information to the brain?

Answer 64

1. Posterior column/medial lemniscal system | 2. anterolateral system

Question 65

A ............-order neuron detects the initial stimulus in the PNS. The axon of this neuron then synapses on a second-order neuron. The .......... -order neuron, an interneuron located in the posterior horn of the spinal cord or brainstem, then relays the stimulus to a third- order neuron. The ..............-order neuron, is an interneuron found in the thalamus, delivers the impulse to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 65

first, second, third

Question 66

Posterior columns/medial lemnsical system includes axons of neurons that transmit tactile information about discriminative touch and axons that convey information regarding ................

Answer 66

proprioception or joint position

Question 67

What does the anterolateral system transmit?

Answer 67

pain, temperature, and non-discriminative touch

Question 68

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Sensation: The thalamus relays most incoming information to the primary somatosensory cortex, or S1, in the postcentral gyrus, where each part of the body is represented by a specific region of S1, a type of organization called ...........

Answer 68

somatotopy

Question 69

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Processing of Touch: Thalamic nuclei relay touch information from the .............. tracts and posterior columns primarily to S1 for conscious perception.

Answer 69

spinothalamic

Question 70

Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Processing of Pain: The perception of pain stimuli is called ..............

Answer 70

nociception

Question 71

What are the special senses?

Answer 71

vision, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and vestibular

Question 72

The cerebral cortex processes info from all the special senses except .............

Answer 72

olfaction

Question 73

Which three types of neurons are directly involved in eliciting a muscle contraction?

Answer 73

1. upper motor neurons 2. local interneurons 3. lower motor neurons

Question 74

Even simple movements require the simultaneous firing of countless neurons as part of a selected group of actions called a .................

Answer 74

motor program

Question 75

What is the role of the cerebral cortex in voluntary movement?

Answer 75

Initiates voluntary movement by selecting an appropriate motor program.

Question 76

What are the structures and role of the basal nuclei in voluntary movement?

Answer 76

Globus Pallidus inhibits the thalamus to avoid inappropriate movement. Caudate Nucleus and Putamen inhibit Globus Pallidus to allow voluntary movement.

Question 77

What is the role of the cerebellum in voluntary movement?

Answer 77

monitors movements and corrects errors

Question 78

What are the main two body systems dedicated to maintaining homeostasis?

Answer 78

nervous and endocrine

Question 79

What two structures of the CNS are concerned directly with the maintenance of homeostasis?

Answer 79

hypothalamus and the reticular formation of the brainstem

Question 80

Which part of the brain is the boss of the ANS and regulates temperature, hunger, and sleep wake cycles?

Answer 80

hypothalamus

Question 81

What is sleep?

Answer 81

An altered state of consciousness

Question 82

Which 3 areas are involved in cognition?

Answer 82

1. Parietal association cortex: attention, spatial awareness 2. Temporal association cortex: recognition 3. Prefrontal cortex: character/personality

Question 83

The following are two basic types of memory are classified by the length of time in which they are stored:

Answer 83

declarative and nondeclarative memory