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Biol 223 > Chapter 8 Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the three functional joint classifications.

A
  1. Synarthrosis: provide no movement between articulating joints.
  2. Amphiarthrosis: allow only a small of movement.
  3. Diarthrosis: freely moveable, wide variety of movement.
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2
Q

Describe the 3 structural joint classifications.

A
  1. Fibrous joints are fastened together by dense reg. connective tissue without a joint space between bones. These can be sytnarthrosis or amphiarthrosis functionally.
  2. Cartilagenous joints are fastened together by cartilage without a joint space. They are synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis functionally.
  3. Synovial joints have hyaline cartilage. Joint space is fluid-filled cavity. They are diarthroses.
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3
Q

What are gomphoses? Describe them.

A

an immoveable fibrous joint found between teeth and their corresponding alveolus in the maxillary bones.

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4
Q

What are sutures? Describe them.

A

Fibrous joint between the bones of the cranium. They resemble a closed zipper reinforced by dense reg. connective. They become synarthroses when they fuse.

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5
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones are joined by a long interosseous membrane. They allow a little movement, but not much. Are found between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula. Are considered as amphiartroses.

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6
Q

What are synchondroses? Give some examples.

A

Consists of bone joined by hyaline cartlage and provides no motion, so are considered synthroses. Examples are:

  1. Epiphyseal plates.
  2. First sternocostal and costochondral joints.
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7
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

A joint where bones are joined by a fibrous pad or plug. They provide limited motion, so are considered amphiarthroses. Examples are:

  1. Intervertebral discs
  2. Pubic symphysis
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8
Q

What is a synovial joint? What are the 3 structural features of the joint/synovial cavity?

A

Synovial joints are freely moveable joints characterized by the joint cavity, which has the following:

  1. articular capsule
  2. synovial fluid
  3. articular cartilage
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9
Q

What is the inner layer of the joint capsule called? What does it secrete?

A

synovial membrane. synovial fluid

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10
Q

What are the 3 main functions of synovial fluid?

A
  1. lubrication
  2. metabolic functions
  3. shock absorption
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11
Q

Articular cartilage is avascular, isolated with the capsule. How does articular cartilage obtain oxygen, nutrients, and remove wastes?

A

from the synovial fluid

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12
Q

what are other components of synovial joints?

A

adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels.

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13
Q

Since synovial joints are less stable than other types of joints, what 4 other structures help stabilize them?

A
  1. ligaments- attach bone to bone.
  2. tendons- attach muscle to bone. Extensions off the muscle and provide for movement.
  3. bursa: Little synovial fluid pillows present is high-stress joints. Minimize friction
  4. tendon sheaths: are long bursa that protect long tendons
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14
Q

what is arthritis?

A

is the inflamation of 1 or more joints resulting in pain and decreased ROM. The articular cartilage breaks down and damages the bone.

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of arthritis?

A
  1. Osteoarthritis: most common, enerally associated with wear and tear, injuries, and advanced age, which is characterized by pain, joint stiffness, and lost mobility.
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis: associated with joint destruction mediated by the individual’s own immune system.
  3. Gouty arthritis causes joint damage by generating an inflammatory reaction to uric acid crystal deposits.
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16
Q

What are the 4 functional classes of synovial joints?

A
  1. nonaxial joints: allow motions to occur, but don’t move on an axis (gliding movement, carpals)
  2. uniaxial: allow motion around 1 axis (elbow)
  3. biaxial: allow motion around 2 axes (metacarpophalangeal joints)
  4. multiaxial: allows for movement on 3 axes (shoulder)
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17
Q

What motion decreases the angle between articulating bones by bringing the bones closer to one another? This movement is paired with? Is it angular?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
    it is angular
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18
Q

…………… increases the angle between articulating bones, which is the opposite of …………., where articulating bones move away from one another. Is it angular?

A
  1. Extension
  2. Flexion
    it is angular
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19
Q

what is the term for moving a body part away from the midline? What is its opposite?
Is it angular?

A
  1. Abduction
  2. Adduction
    it is angular
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20
Q

what movements combine to make circumduction? Is it an angular movement?

A

flexion/extension, and abduction/adduction. It does not have an opposite movement.
It is angular

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21
Q

……….. is a nonangular motion in which one bone rotates or twists on an imaginary line running down its middle axis

A

Rotation

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22
Q

what is the opposition of the thumb at the 1st carpometacarpal joint, and allows the thumb to move across the palmar surface of the hand. …………….. is the opposite movement that returns the thumb to its anatomical position.

A
  1. Opposition

2. Reposition

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23
Q

……………. is the movement of a body part in an inferior direction while …………… moves a body part in a superior direction.

A
  1. depression

2. elevation

24
Q

………….. moves a body part in an anterior direction while ………….. moves a body part in a posterior direction.

A
  1. protraction

2. retraction

25
Q

…………. is a rotational motion in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates medially toward the midline of the body. …………… rotates the foot laterally away from the midline

A
  1. inversion

2. eversion

26
Q

……….. is a movement where the angle between the foot and leg. The angle between the foot and leg increases during ………..

A
  1. dorsiflexion

2. plantar

27
Q

…………. and …………. are rotational movements of the wrist and ankle regions

A

supination, pronation

28
Q

……………. is the amount of movement a joint is capable of under normal circumstances.

A

Range of motion

29
Q

What kind of joint is the most simple and least mobile articulation between the flat surfaces of two bones?

A

A plane joint also known as a gliding joint. Plane joints only allow side to side gliding movements.

30
Q

In what kind of uniaxial joint does the convex articular surface of one bone interact with the concave depression have a second bone?

A

Hinge joint. As the name implies the motion of a hinge joint is restricted to movement in only one plane examples are the elbow the knee and inter-phalangeal joint’s of the fingers and toes.

31
Q

In which kind of joint does the rounded end of one bone fit into a groove on the surface of a second bone allowing for movement around one axis?

A

A pivot joint. The joint between atlas and axis is an example.

32
Q

What kind of biaxial joint has an oval convex surface of one bone that fits into a shallow concave articular surface of a second bone?

A

A condylar joint also known as an ellipsoidal joint. It allows for both flexion extension abduction and add duction and example is the knuckles of the fingers.

33
Q

What type of biaxial joint does each bones articulating surface have both a concave and convex region that allows each pound fit together for a great deal of motion?

A

A saddle joint. An example is the carpal metacarpal joint between the first metacarpal of the farm and the trapezium in the wrist.

34
Q

What is a multi axial joint in which the articulating surface of one bone is spherical and fits into a cup shaped depression in the second phone this allows for a wide range of motion in all three available axes.

A

A ball and socket joint. Examples are the shoulder and the hip.

35
Q

The elbow joint is actually composed of two separate articulations the larger articulation, The humeroulnar joint, is the articulation between …….. of the humerus and ……. of the ulna.

A

Trochlea, trochlear notch.

36
Q

The humeroradial joint is the articulation between the ……. of the humerus and the ……… of the radius

A

Capitulum of the humerus, and head of the radius

37
Q

Which ligament supports the lateral side of the elbow joint?

A

Radical collateral ligament

38
Q

Which ligament supports the medial side of the elbow joint?

A

The Ulnar collateral ligament

39
Q

Which ligament binds the head of the radius to the neck of the Ulna, which in stabilizes the Radial head in the elbow joint?

A

Anular ligament

40
Q

Which knee ligament is the distal continuation of the quadriceps tendon that connects the distal patella to the anterior tibia?

A

The patellar ligament.

41
Q

Name the articulation between the femoral and tibial condyles

A

Tibiofemoral joint

42
Q

Name the articulation between the posterior surface of the patella and the anterior patellar surface of the femur

A

Patellofemoral joint

43
Q

What are the functions of the meniscus?

A

Shock absorption and christening. They also improve the fit between the two bones which further stabilize the joint

44
Q

What is the function of the tibial collateral ligament, aside from medial joint stabilization?

A

It prevents the tibia from moving too far laterally on the femur also known as hyper abduction of the knee

45
Q

What is the function of the fibular collateral ligament?

A

It prevents the tibia from moving too far medially on the femur also known as hyperadduction

46
Q

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament’s originate and insert and what is its function?

A

It runs from the anterior tibia to the posterior femur. It’s function is to prevent hyperextension and to prevent the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur.

47
Q

Where does the posterior cruciate ligament originate and insert and what is the function of this ligament?

A

Originates on the posterior tibia inserts on the anterior femur. It prevents the tibia from displacing it’s self posteriorly from the femur

48
Q

What fibrocartilaginous structure increases the depth of the glenoid cavity to provide more stability?

A

The glenoid labrum

49
Q

Which tendon provides a stabilizing force to the glenohumeral joint as it passes over the head of the humerus?

A

The biceps brachii tendon

50
Q

Names of tendons of the following muscles that form the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

51
Q

The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring. What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

The acetabular labrum further strengthens the fit between the head of the femur and the acetabulum.

52
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments? Where are they?

A

Retinacular fibers that surround the neck of the femur and reinforce the articular capsule.

53
Q

What is the iliofemoral ligament?

A

“Y” shaped structure that reinforces the anterior aspect of the hip joint.

54
Q

The ischiofemoral ligament is a spiral shaped structure what is the function of this ligament?

A

It’s supports the posterior aspect of the hip joint.

55
Q

The pubofemoral ligament is a triangular shaped structure what is the function of this ligament?

A

It’s supports the inferior aspect of the hip joint

56
Q

The ligament of the head of the femur is a small ligament that connects the head of the femur with the acetabulum. What is the function of this ligament?

A

It provides a small pathway for a small artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur.

Biol 223 (13 decks)

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