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Biol 223 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton system?

A

groups of bone that work together

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2
Q

How many bones are in the skull, and where are they?

A

Skull: most complex structure. Has 22 bones (8 cranial, and 14 facial)

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3
Q

The vertebral column has how many bones? How many protect the spinal cord? What are the 2 fused regions?

A
  1. Vertebral column has 33 bones.
  2. 24 protect the spinal cord.
  3. Sacrum and coccyx are both made up of fused vertebrae.
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4
Q

What is the job of the thoracic cage? How many pairs of ribs are there? What are the other bones in the thoracic cage?

A
  1. protects the lungs, heart, and other delicate contents of the thoracic cavity.
  2. 12 pairs of ribs.
  3. The sternum, and part of the vertebral column.
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5
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body. Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. It encases the body’s cavities, and protects underlying organs.

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6
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Consists of the bones of upper and lower limbs, and the pectoral and pelvic girdles. Primarily suited for movement, support, and muscle attachment.

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7
Q

The pectoral gridle is composed of the………. and the ……….. And it’s job is…………. How many bones does it support?

A
  1. clavicle.
  2. Scapulae
  3. Its job is to support the upper limb, and anchor it to the trunk. Supports 30 bones
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8
Q

The upper limb is composed of the following 3 parts: The arm consisting of………. The Forearm consisting of………… and ………. and the wrist and hand consisting of …………., …………, and ……….

A
  1. Arm: humerus.
  2. Forearm: radius and ulna
  3. Wrist and hand: carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
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9
Q

The pelvic girdle is composed of 2 pelvic bones and the sacrum collectively called the………… Its job is………….

A
  1. Pelvis (made of ilium, ischium, and pubis)

2. Job is to support the lower limb and anchor it to the trunk

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10
Q

The lower limb is composed of the thigh, consisting of the……….., the leg, consisting of the………., and ……….., and the ankle and foot consisting of the…………, …………….., and…………..

A
  1. femur.
  2. tibia and fibula.
  3. tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
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11
Q

What are the functions of

  1. Depressions
  2. Openings
  3. Projections
A
  1. Depressions form articulations, allow for blood vessels & nerves to travel along the bones.
  2. Openings enclose delicate structures allowing them to travel through bones.
  3. Projections give a place for tendons and ligaments to attach to, and form articulations
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12
Q

What are the cranial bones collectively known as, and how many are there? How many single and how many paired?

A

The cranium, 8. There are 4 single and 2 pairs

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13
Q

Name the 4 single bones that form the cranium.

A
  1. Frontal
  2. occipital
  3. ethmoid
  4. sphenoid
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14
Q

Name the 2 paired bones that form the cranium.

A
  1. temporal bones

2. parietal bones.

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15
Q

How many facial bones are there? What are they?

Virgil Is Now Making My Pet Zebra Laugh

A

14

Vomer, Inferior nasal conchae, Nasal, Maxillae, Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal

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16
Q

Name the 6 paired facial bones

A
  1. maxillary
  2. zygomatic
  3. nasal
  4. lacrimal
  5. palatine
  6. inferior nasal conchal bones
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17
Q

What are the 2 unpaired facial bones?

A
  1. mandible

2. vomer

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18
Q
  1. All the bones of the skull are fused to one another at immoveable joints called ………….., with the exception of the mandible.
A

sutures

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19
Q

Orbits contain the……. The nasal cavity contains the…….. The oral cavity contains the……, and the…….

A
  1. eyeballs
  2. sensory receptors for smell
  3. teeth and tongue
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20
Q

The superior portion of the cranial cavity is called the……….., the inferior portion is called the ………, and is divided into 3 indentations called the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae in which the brain sits

A
  1. cranial vault aka calvarium

2. cranial base

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21
Q

Name the 7 bones that make up the orbit. What does orbit encase?
(Every Student Fancies Learning Zillions More Parts)

A
  1. Ethmoid
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Frontal
  4. Lacrimal
  5. Zygomatic
  6. Maxilla
  7. Palatine
    It encases the eyeball, lacrimal gland, and their associated blood vessels and nerves.
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22
Q

The paranasal sinuses are found within what bones?

For Easier Sinus Memorization

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Shenoid
  4. Maxillary
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23
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Being the first part of the respiratory tract, they filter, humidify, and warm the air. They also make the skull light, and enhance voice resonance.

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24
Q

What is the first part of the digestive tract? What is found there?

A

The oral cavity. Teeth, tongue, and salivary glands are found there.

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25
Q

What bones make up the oral cavity?

A

the hard palate (palatine bones), maxillae, and mandible.

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26
Q

What is another name for the soft spots in a fetal skull? What purpose do they serve? When do they fuse?

A

Fontanels. They give the infants head sufficient flexibility to pass through the mother’s vagina. They also allow space for the brain to grow quickly. They fuse between 18-24 months.

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27
Q

What are the names of the fontanels?

A

anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, two sphenoid fontanels, and two mastoid fontanels.

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28
Q

The hyoid is a C-shaped bone. Why is the hyoid bone unique?

A

Its a C-shaped bone in the superior neck. Not a skull bone, but is in close proximity. Not connected to any bones directly, but rather suspended by ligaments to the styloid processes, and voice box. Serves as an attachment site for muscles involved in speech and swallowing.

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29
Q

There are how many cervical vertebrae? How many thoracic vertebrae? How many lumbar vertebrae? How many sacral, and how many coccygeal?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae.

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30
Q

What spinal curvature is present in a newborn? How does the curvature change as the infant grows?

A

Born with a c-shaped curvature that grows into an s-shape as the infant grows.

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31
Q

What are the secondary curvatures? When do secondary curvatures develop? What direction do they curve in?

A

Cervical and lumbar. They present when the baby learns to lift his head (cervical) and when he learns to walk (lumbar). Both are convex curvatures.

32
Q

What are the primary curvatures?

When do primary curvatures appear? What direction do they curve in?

A

The thoracic and sacral curvatures. They are present in the fetus’s c-curve spinal shape. Both are concave curvatures.

33
Q

The space between moveable vertebrae is called the?

A

intervertebral foramen

34
Q

What is characterized by abnormal lateral curvatures in the vertebral column

A

Scoliosis

35
Q

What is characterized by exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures

A

Lordosis

36
Q

What is an exaggeration of the thoracic curvature resulting in a hunchback appearance

A

Kyphosis

37
Q

What is the primary weight-bearing surface and the most anterior aspect of the vertebra? What are found between adjacent bodies to absorb shock?

A
  1. Body aka centrum.

2. Vertebral discs.

38
Q

What is just posterior to the body, and is the large opening through which the…………. and associated tissues travel?.

A
  1. Vertebral foramin

2. Spinal cord

39
Q

What do all forminae together form?

A

The vertebral canal

40
Q

Two pedicles border the vertebral foramen laterally and project posteriorly from the body where they merge with two……………….., which border the vertebral foramen posteriorly. Together the pedicles and laminae form the……………….

A
  1. laminae

2. vertebral arch

41
Q

A deep inferior vertebral notch is found on the inferior side of each………………, while the superior vertebral notch is found on superior side. Together successive notches form the…………………..

A
  1. pedicle

2. intervertebral formina

42
Q

what are found at the junction of each pedicle and lamina? Facets found on these processes form joints between successive………………

A
  1. Superior and inferior articular processes.

2. vertebrae

43
Q

Which processes project from the lateral sides of the vertebral arch providing attachment sites for muscles?

A

Transverse processes

44
Q

Which process projects from the most posterior aspect of the vertebral arch providing attachment sites for muscles?.

A

Spinous processes

45
Q

What are the names of c1 and c2?

A
  1. Atlas

2. Axis

46
Q

Which joint has a prominent superior tooth-shaped projection protruding from its body called the……………. , or……………, which articulates with the atlas at the…………..joint. What is the function of this joint?

A
  1. Axis
  2. dens, or odontoid process
  3. Atlantoaxial joint
47
Q

Which vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae with heart- shaped bodies, circular vertebral foramina, and long spinous processes that point inferiorly. The superior costal facets and inferior costal facets, found on the lateral sides of the vertebral body, provide points of articulation for the………………….

A
  1. The 12 thoracic vertebrae

2. ribs

48
Q

Which are the largest and heaviest of all the vertebrae, making them well-suited for bearing the weight of the torso?

A

lumbar vertebrae

49
Q

What is the name of the five fused sacral vertebrae form the curved triangular-shaped posterior boundary of the pelvic cavity.

A

Sacrum

50
Q

What is the name of the final segment of the spine made of typically 4, but possible 3-5 fused vertebrae?

A

Coccyx

51
Q

What is an intervertebral disc? How many are there? What is their function?

A

There are 23 (first is between c2-c3, last is between L5-s1). They are fibrocartlage pads between vertebrae that absorb shock, bind vertebral column, and support weight of body.

52
Q

Virgil Is Now Making My Pet Zebra Laugh

facial bones

A

accronym for remembering facial bones:

  1. Vomer
  2. Inferior nasal conchae
  3. Nasal
  4. Maxillae
  5. Mandible
  6. Palatine
  7. Zygomatic
  8. Lacrimal
53
Q

Every Student Fancies Laerning More Parts.

bones of orbit

A

Accronym for learning the bomes of orbit.

  1. Ethmoid
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Frontal
  4. Lacrimal
  5. Maxillary
  6. Palatine
54
Q

The flattened sternum or breastbone that forms the anterior median section of the thoracic cage consists of the following three portions …

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process
55
Q

What do intercostal spaces provide?

A

Space for breath

56
Q

Ribs 1–7 are called ………. Why are these ribs defined as such?

A

True ribs, aka vertebrosternal ribs. They are “true” because they attach to the sternum via their own costal cartilages.

57
Q

Ribs 8-12 are called? Why are they defined as such?

A

False ribs, aka vertebrochondral ribs because they do not attach to the sternum directly, but rather to the cartilage of the 7th rib.

58
Q

Why are ribs 11 & 12 unique?

A

They are called floating ribs aka vertebral ribs because they lack attachment to the sternum.

59
Q

What is the costal margin?

A

is formed by the costal cartilage of ribs 7–10.

60
Q

Which bone of the pectoral girdle appears straight when viewed anteriorly and S-shaped when viewed superiorly or inferiorly

A

clavicle

61
Q

Regarding the scapula, a. The anterior surface has a hook-shaped projection called the…………. The ………………… is a shallow indentation found on the lateral surface that articulates with the humerus in the shoulder joint. The ……………..is a ridge of bone found posteriorly crossing from medial to lateral along the superior scapula and terminates at the at the acromioclavicular joint (AC).

A
  1. The coracoid process
  2. The glenoid cavity
  3. Spine of scapula
62
Q

Regarding the humerus, the proximal epiphysis has a medially oriented ball-shaped humeral head that articulates with the……….. at the shoulder joint.

A

glenoid cavity

63
Q

Regarding the humerus, between the greater and lesser tubercle, runs which groove? What tendon runs through here?

A

bicipital groove aka intertubercular sulcus. The Biceps brachii tendon

64
Q

The deltoid tubercle is the main feature of the diaphysis, which provides a site of attachment for the………… muscle.
The radial groove on the posterior aspect of the diaphysis provides a passageway for the……….nerve.

A
  1. Deltoid

2. Radial nerve

65
Q

The following are features associated with the humeral articulation with the ulna and radius at the elbow joint:

  1. The ……… is a spherical knob on the anterior and lateral aspect of the distal epiphysis.
  2. The …………. is a spool-shaped knob on the anterior and medial aspect of the distal epiphysis.
  3. The lateral radial fossa and medial coronoid fossa are small indentations found just proximal to the capitulum and trochlea.
  4. The ………… is a deep indentation found on the posterior aspect of the distal epiphysis and is a continuation of the trochlea.
A
  1. capitulum
  2. trochlea
  3. anser on front of card
  4. olecranon
66
Q

Bones of the forearm, or antebrachium, consists of the lateral ……… and medial ………, which are held to one another by the fibrous interosseous membrane. Both bones articulate with the ……….. proximally and with the ………. bones distally. The radius and ulna articulate with one another both at a proximal and distal radioulnar joint.

A
  1. radius
  2. ulna
  3. humerus
  4. carpal
67
Q

The Radius:

  1. The radius is …….. proximally and progressively …….. distally.
  2. The proximal epiphysis, called the radial ………, is a round and flattened structure that articulates with the ………. of the humerus at the elbow joint and the ………… at the proximal radioulnar joint.
  3. The radial neck, distal to the head, ends in at the radial tuberosity, which is found on the medial aspect of the radius where it provides an attachment site for the……… muscle.
  4. The ulnar notch, located at medial aspect of the widened distal epiphysis, is where the distal ………. joint is found.
  5. The flattened end of the distal epiphysis articulates with the ……….. bones at the wrist joint.
  6. The radial ………… process, found at the lateral tip of the radius, forms the lateral boundary of the wrist and provides joint stabilization.
A
  1. narrow, enlarges
  2. head, capitulum, ulna
  3. biceps brachii
  4. radiolulnar
  5. carpal
  6. styloid
68
Q

The Ulna:
1. The ulna is ………. at the proximal epiphysis and progressively ……….. as it travels distally. Both the epiphyses have the following anatomical features:

  1. The ………. notch is a U-shaped notch that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
  2. The ………. is a palpable protrusion found on the posterior aspect of the trochlear notch.
  3. The anterior lip of the trochlear notch a projection called the coronoid process, which fits into the ……….. of the humerus.
  4. The radial notch of the ulna, found lateral to the coronoid process, is a smooth area that articulates with the radial head.
  5. The distal epiphysis is the ulnar head whose medial side contains a small ……. process.
  6. The proximal radius and ulna articulate with the …………. to form the elbow joint
A
  1. wide, tapers
  2. trochlear
  3. olecranon
  4. coronoid fossa
  6. ulnar styloid process
  7. distal humerus
69
Q

The wrist or carpus is consists of ……….. short bones collectively called the carpals, which are arranged in two rows containing four bones each.

A

8

70
Q

The four proximal carpal bones include the following, from lateral to medial:

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Stop Letting The People….

71
Q

The four distal carpal bones include the following, from lateral to medial:

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Touch The Cadaver’s Hand

72
Q

The hand, or manus, consists of five long bones called ………., numbered I-V from lateral to medial, that articulate with the distal carpal bones and the bones of the fingers

A

metacarpals,

73
Q

Each metacarpal consists of the following three parts:

A
  1. proximal epiphysis (base),
  2. diaphysis (body)
  3. distal epiphysis (head)
74
Q

The bones of the fingers consist of:

A

14 phalanges

75
Q

Each finger consists of three bones: a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx, while the thumb or pollex consists of only a ……….. and ……….. phalanx.

A

proximal and distal phalanx

Biol 223 (13 decks)

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