Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What are motives?
Motives are forces that move us to act in certain ways and not others
What is instinct?
Instinct is a genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium
Why do drives occur?
Drives are deviations from homeostasis that create an internal state of biological and psychological tension
What is drive-reduction?
Drive-reduction refers to the behavior that is performed in response to the drive returning the body back to homeostasis
What is the pain matrix?
The pain matrix consists of a distributed set of brain regions, including the amygdala, which underlies both the sensory and the emotional components of pain and gives rise to the associated behavioral response
What is NSSI (non-suicidal self-injury)?
Includes cutting, burning, stabbing, hitting, and excessive rubbing; when such behaviors are intentional, self-inflicted, and not for a socially sanctioned purpose
What are incentives?
Incentives are positive goals that we seek to achieve
What does it mean for something to be intrinsically rewarding?
An incentive that is an inherent part of the activity or object to which we are drawn (such as playing basketball)
What does it mean for something to be extrinsically rewarding?
An incentive that is not an integral part of the activity (such as mowing the lawn)
What does the glucostatic hypothesis state?
The glucostatic hypothesis states that what the body cares about most is blood levels of glucose, which is the sugar that serves as the body’s main energy source
What are the roles of the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus in glucose regulation?
The lateral hypothalamus tells the body that there is a lack of glucose making us hungry, and the ventromedial hypothalamus is important for telling us that there is enough glucose in the body satiating us and stopping us from over eating.
What does the dual-center theory refer to?
The dual-center theory refers to the lateral hypothalamus serving as the “go” center for eating, while the ventromedial hypothalamus serves as the “stop center”
What are adipose cells?
Adipose cells are an important long-term energy resource which are provided by fat cells distributed throughout the body
What does the lipostatic hypothesis state?
According to the lipostatic hypothesis, when fat stores deviate from target levels, the body takes steps to restore homeostasis. When there is enough fat stores the body produces leptin, when fat stores deplete the stomach lining secretes ghrelin
What is the body weight set point?
The body weight set point is the act of eating enough to maintain the body weight of that organism
What is the role of the metabolic rate?
When there is a reduced caloric intake, the body compensates by lowering its metabolic rate or the rate at which it uses energy
What does the flexible floating set point refer to?
The flexible or floating set point refers to the fact that the set point can be adjustable by one’s gradual change in weight
What is the unit bias?
The unit bias is the size of a plate counting as a single portion leading to a role in rising levels of obesity
What is anorexia nervosa?
Individuals with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of gaining weight, they genuinely believe they are fat although in many cases they are extremely, even dangerously thin
What is bulimia nervosa?
Individuals with bulimia nervosa are extremely concerned with their weight and appearance, and this concern fuels disordered eating behavior; binge eating, then self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise
What is the body mass index (BMI)?
The body mass index (BMI) uses a person’s weight divided by the square of their height
What is the thrifty gene hypothesis?
Proponents of the thrifty gene hypothesis take an evolutionary perspective arguing that fat storage genes were a selective advantage
What is estrus?
Estrus is the period of sexual receptivity and how often it occurs depends on the species
What is the neuro developmental perspective
The neurodevelopmental perspective states that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain early in fetal development
What is the fraternal birth order effect?
The fraternal birth order effect states that compared to heterosexual men, gay men are more likely to have older brothers
What is a performance orientation?
A performance orientation is characterized by a focus on performing well and looking smart or on avoiding failure and not looking stupid
What is a mastery orientation?
A mastery orientation is characterized by a focus on learning and improving
What is a fixed minset?
A fixed mindset is best known as when people assume their abilities are fixed and unlikely to change in the future
What is a growth mindset?
A growth mindset is best known as when people assume their abilities can change and grow in response to new experiences or learning
What is the hierarchy of motives?
The hierarchy of motives has lower-order physiological motives at the bottom, safety farther up, belonging still higher, and the desire for esteem even higher
What is self-actualization?
Self-actualization is the desire to realize one’s potential to the fullest
What is an emotion?
An emotion can be defined as the coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals
What are display rules?
Deeply ingrained conventions, often obeyed without awareness, that dictate the facial expressions considered appropriate in particular contexts
What is the discrete emotions approach?
Focuses on defining specific categories of emotions
What is the dimensional approach of emotions?
Uses dimensions rather than categories to make sense of emotions
What is alexithymia?
People with alexithymia have a difficult time describing their emotional experiences
What is the happiness set point?
Appears to be substantially genetically determined and is postulated to account for about 50% of the variation happiness
What is adaptation?
Adaptation is the ability to quickly grow accustomed to any stimulus or state to which one is continually exposed, accounts for 10% happiness variation
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Believes that different emotions are associated with different patterns of bodily responses
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Believes that it isn’t easy to distinguish the bodily changes associated with different emotions
What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
Believes that behavioral and physiological changes are crucial for emotional experience
What is empathy?
Empathy is the ability to accurately track what others are feeling, plays an important role in social interactions
What is the affect-as-information perspective?
Is the subjective experience of emotion and is a key resource during problem solving
What is self-control?
Refers to the efforts we make to pursue our longer-term interests when they conflict with momentary impulses
What is willpower?
Willpower is the ability to engage in self-control
What is the strength model of ego control?
Holds that engaging in self-control efforts depletes a finite pool of cognitive resources, in just the same way that using a muscle repeatedly tires it out
What is ego depletion?
Using self control leads to ego depletion
What is emotion regulation?
May involve decreasing, increasing, or simply maintaining behavioral, experiential, and physiological aspects of emotion
What is reappraisal?
Reappraisal is a type of cognitive change that occurs when someone tries to decrease an emotional response by changing the meaning a situation has
What is suppression?
Suppression is a form of response modulation that occurs when someone tries to decrease the emotion they show on their face or in their behavior
