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Psychology > Chapter 8- Thought, Language, Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Thought, Language, Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language?

A

Language is a shared system of symbols, including spoken, written, and signed words and gestures, and a set of rules for how to combine those symbols to communicate meaning

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2
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Phonemes are individual speech sounds

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3
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry bits of meaning

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4
Q

What is grammar?

A

Grammar governs the way that language parts are put together so that people can understand each other

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5
Q

What is syntax?

A

Syntax is the grammatical rules that governs how words and phrases combine into well-formed sentences

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6
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Pragmatics are rules that govern the practical aspects of using language

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7
Q

What is the linguistic determinism hypothesis?

A

The linguistic determinism hypothesis states that different languages impose different ways of understanding the world that can constrain and shape our thinking

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8
Q

What is babbling?

A

Babbling often takes the form of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ma” or “ba” repeated over and over

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9
Q

What are overregularization errors?

A

Overregularization errors are when children extend rules, such as adding an -ed, which usually marks the past tense for English verbs, to irregular verbs that don’t follow the rules such as runned, comed, and eated

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10
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

The larynx makes speech possible

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11
Q

What does the language acquisition device refer to?

A

Noam Chomsky proposed that the language acquisition device gets turned on when children are exposed to language and that it guides language learning

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12
Q

What is the sensitive period?

A

The sensitive period is the period where language acquisition can occur, but afterward, language acquisition will be limited

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13
Q

What does the “less is more” hypothesis?

A

The “less is more” hypothesis states that languages are learned best from the ground up: learners master the smallest components of language first followed by the more complex components

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14
Q

What is cognition?

A

Cognition refers to all mental activities associated with thinking

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15
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Cognitive psychology is the study of mental activities and how they work

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16
Q

What are mental representations?

A

Mental representations are internal mental symbols that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs in the world

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17
Q

What are concepts?

A

Concepts are mental categories that group similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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18
Q

What are prototypes?

A

Prototypes are a kind of best example or average member of the concept that incorporates more of the features most commonly associated with it

19
Q

What are superordinate concepts?

A

Superordinate concepts are more abstract and encompass basic-level concepts

20
Q

What are Subordinate concepts?

A

Subordinate concepts are more specific concepts within basic-level concepts

21
Q

What is trial and error?

A

Trial and error involves trying actions or strategies at random until they find something that works

22
Q

What are algorithms?

A

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

23
Q

What is insight?

A

Insight is a sudden, conscious change in a person’s understanding of some situation or problem

24
Q

What is a mental set?

A

A mental set is a mental framework for how to solve later problems

25
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

Functional fixedness is a tendency to focus on an object’s typical functions and thus fail to recognize unusual functions that could solve a problem

26
Q

What is restructuring?

A

Restructuring is best when prior experience gets in the way of one’s understanding of a problem

27
Q

What are judgments?

A

Judgments are conclusions drawn from some evidence we have at hand

28
Q

What are decisions?

A

Decisions are choices that affect our behavior

29
Q

What are rational decisions?

A

Rational decisions are based purely on reason and logic

30
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

Bounded rationality states that people’s capacity to make rational decisions are bounded, or constrained by their limited resources

31
Q

What are the dual-processing theories?

A

People have two types of thinking that they can use to make judgments and decisions

32
Q

What is the controlled system?

A

The controlled system is slower and more effortful and leads to more thoughtful and rational outcomes

33
Q

What is the automatic system?

A

The automatic system is fast and fairly effortless and leads to decent outcomes most of the time

34
Q

What are Heuristics?

A

Heuristics are a powerful set of mental tools that people use to navigate everyday judgments and decisions

35
Q

What is a representativeness heuristic?

A

Representativeness heuristics are a shortcut for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or be prototypical of some category?

36
Q

What are availability heuristics?

A

Availability heuristics are a strategy for deciding how frequent or probable something is based on how easily it comes to mind

37
Q

What is the affect heuristic?

A

The affect heuristic is a tendency to use the affect we associate with various objects and events in the world to make judgments and decisions

38
Q

What are moral judgments?

A

Moral judgments are about the “rightness” or “wrongness” of a particular behavior

39
Q

What is the confirmation bias?

A

Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for and weigh evidence that confirms preexisting beliefs more strongly than evidence that is inconsistent with those beliefs

40
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Belief perseverance is a phenomenon that makes it difficult for people to change their beliefs even when faced with disconfirming evidence

41
Q

What is framing?

A

Framing means the way information is presented

42
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

Loss aversion is a tendency for people to try and make choices that will minimize or avoid loss

43
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Hindsight bias is the tendency for people to overestimate the likelihood that they would have predicted some outcome

Psychology (7 decks)

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