Chapter 11 Development

Question 1

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 1

Developmental psychology examines how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age

Question 2

What are stages?

Answer 2

Stages in biology, are used to describe distinct phases of an animal’s life with sharp differences between them

Question 3

What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative?

Answer 3

Qualitative are distinct changes; while quantitative are gradual changes

Question 4

What is maturation?

Answer 4

Maturation refers to a series of genetically determined biological processes that enable orderly growth

Question 5

What is a cross-sectional design?

Answer 5

A cross-sectional design compares participants of different ages directly to one another at one point in time

Question 6

What is the cohort effect?

Answer 6

The cohort effect is an effect or difference that is due to the members of an age group sharing a common set of life experiences

Question 7

What is a longitudinal design?

Answer 7

A longitudinal design tracks individuals at different time points and looks for differences across those time points

Question 8

What is a sequential design?

Answer 8

A sequential design tracks multiple age groups across multiple time points

Question 9

What is a zygote?

Answer 9

A zygote is the combination of male sperm cell and the female egg cell

Question 10

What is down syndrome?

Answer 10

Down syndrome is an extra copy of chromosome 21

Question 11

What are teratogens?

Answer 11

Teratogens are environmental agents that can interfere with development

Question 12

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 12

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome experience psychological problems and physical abnormalities

Question 13

What are reflexes?

Answer 13

Reflexes are automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of stimulation

Question 14

What is habituation?

Answer 14

The most basic form of learning, involves a decreased response to repeated stimulation

Question 15

What is dishabituation?

Answer 15

Dishabituation is the sudden increased response to a stimulus

Question 16

What is motor development?

Answer 16

Motor development are the changes in the developing child’s ability to coordinate bodily movements

Question 17

What is cognitive development?

Answer 17

Cognitive development refers o changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 18

What are schemas?

Answer 18

Schemas are mental structure that represent our experiences

Question 19

What is assimilation?

Answer 19

With assimilation, children use their existing schema to interpret the new experience

Question 20

What is accommodation?

Answer 20

Accommodation involves revising their schemas to incorporate information from the new experience

Question 21

What is object permanence?

Answer 21

Object permanence is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when those objects are temporarily out of sight

Question 22

What is social referencing?

Answer 22

Social referencing is the reliance on the facial expression of the caregiver or some other adult as a source of information for how to react

Question 23

What is attachment?

Answer 23

Attachment is the growth in anxiety at the separation of a caregiver

Question 24

What is imprinting?

Answer 24

Imprinting is a mechanism of attachment where–in ducklings–will continue to follow the object (mother), show distress if separated from it, and run to it when threatened

Question 25

What is temperament?

Answer 25

Temperament is defined as the characteristic pattern of emotion and behavior that is evident from an early age and believed to be largely determined by genetic patterns

Question 26

What is childhood?

Answer 26

Childhood refers to the time span between the end of infancy and the start of adolescence

Question 27

What is symbolic representation?

Answer 27

Symbolic representation is the use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to represent other things

Question 28

What are operations?

Answer 28

Operations involve imagining how things like people or objects might be different than they are, or imagining the consequences of some event without needing to see it happen

Question 29

What is conservation?

Answer 29

Conservation is the idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain the same despite changes in the object’s shape or form

Question 30

What is egocentrism?

Answer 30

Egocentrism is the difficulty to perceive situations from another’s point of view

Question 31

What is theory of mind?

Answer 31

Theory of mind is the understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways, and that these representations explain and predict how people behave

Question 32

What is Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural view of development?

Answer 32

It emphasized that the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

Question 33

What is scaffolding?

Answer 33

Scaffolding helps children step to higher levels of thinking