Chapter 11 Development Flashcards
What is developmental psychology?
Developmental psychology examines how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age
What are stages?
Stages in biology, are used to describe distinct phases of an animal’s life with sharp differences between them
What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative?
Qualitative are distinct changes; while quantitative are gradual changes
What is maturation?
Maturation refers to a series of genetically determined biological processes that enable orderly growth
What is a cross-sectional design?
A cross-sectional design compares participants of different ages directly to one another at one point in time
What is the cohort effect?
The cohort effect is an effect or difference that is due to the members of an age group sharing a common set of life experiences
What is a longitudinal design?
A longitudinal design tracks individuals at different time points and looks for differences across those time points
What is a sequential design?
A sequential design tracks multiple age groups across multiple time points
What is a zygote?
A zygote is the combination of male sperm cell and the female egg cell
What is down syndrome?
Down syndrome is an extra copy of chromosome 21
What are teratogens?
Teratogens are environmental agents that can interfere with development
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Children with fetal alcohol syndrome experience psychological problems and physical abnormalities
What are reflexes?
Reflexes are automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of stimulation
What is habituation?
The most basic form of learning, involves a decreased response to repeated stimulation
What is dishabituation?
Dishabituation is the sudden increased response to a stimulus
What is motor development?
Motor development are the changes in the developing child’s ability to coordinate bodily movements
What is cognitive development?
Cognitive development refers o changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
What are schemas?
Schemas are mental structure that represent our experiences
What is assimilation?
With assimilation, children use their existing schema to interpret the new experience
What is accommodation?
Accommodation involves revising their schemas to incorporate information from the new experience
What is object permanence?
Object permanence is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when those objects are temporarily out of sight
What is social referencing?
Social referencing is the reliance on the facial expression of the caregiver or some other adult as a source of information for how to react
What is attachment?
Attachment is the growth in anxiety at the separation of a caregiver
What is imprinting?
Imprinting is a mechanism of attachment where–in ducklings–will continue to follow the object (mother), show distress if separated from it, and run to it when threatened
What is temperament?
Temperament is defined as the characteristic pattern of emotion and behavior that is evident from an early age and believed to be largely determined by genetic patterns
What is childhood?
Childhood refers to the time span between the end of infancy and the start of adolescence
What is symbolic representation?
Symbolic representation is the use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to represent other things
What are operations?
Operations involve imagining how things like people or objects might be different than they are, or imagining the consequences of some event without needing to see it happen
What is conservation?
Conservation is the idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain the same despite changes in the object’s shape or form
What is egocentrism?
Egocentrism is the difficulty to perceive situations from another’s point of view
What is theory of mind?
Theory of mind is the understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways, and that these representations explain and predict how people behave
What is Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural view of development?
It emphasized that the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding helps children step to higher levels of thinking
