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Psychology > Chapter 7- Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is the storage of information in the brain for later access that allows learning to persist and guide our future behavior

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

Encoding occurs as we first perceive information in our environment and, in concert with our thoughts and feelings, convert it into a form ready for storage

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

Storage is the maintenance of the encoded information in our brains for later access; can be very brief to potentially a lifetime

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4
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Retrieval occurs when we access information stored in the brain from past experience

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5
Q

What influences false memories?

A

Memories may be influenced by information presented after an event, potentially causing a false memory

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6
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information causes us to integrate the misinformation into our original memory

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7
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

Imagination inflation occurs when there is a boost in confidence associated with the misleading information

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8
Q

What is source memory?

A

Source memory is the ability to recall the context in which we acquired a memory

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9
Q

What is source amnesia?

A

Source amnesia occurs when we cannot remember where our memories come from, even though we remember the event

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10
Q

What is an error in source monitoring?

A

When we forget whether the source of our facts was an article or a news feed

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11
Q

What is an error in reality monitoring?

A

When we forget whether we experienced or imagined an event

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12
Q

How are false memories created?

A

false memories depend on recollected gist memory, the general global aspects of the supposed event, rather than the verbatim memory, the specific details

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13
Q

What are levels of processing?

A

Levels of processing refers to the concept that encoding is an active process, which can occur at multiple levels on a continuum from shallow to deep

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14
Q

What is shallow encoding?

A

Shallow encoding uses appearances, such as how something looks or sounds

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15
Q

What is deep encoding?

A

Deep encoding relies on processing information in a manner that goes beyond appearance to involve its significance and meaning

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16
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Semantic encoding is a form of deep encoding that operates on the meaning of events and yields better memory than shallow encoding

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17
Q

What is self-referential encoding?

A

Self-referential encoding capitalizes on our self-fascination, resulting in a very strong memory for events that are encoded relative to our self-concept

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18
Q

What is the multistore model of memory?

A

The multistore model of memory proposes that information flows from our senses through three levels of memory storage

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19
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Sensory memory is characterized by substantial storage capacity but also extreme fragility and very limited duration

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20
Q

What is an afterimage?

A

An afterimage is an image continuing to appear in your vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased

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21
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

In short-term memory, information from all senses can be held from seconds to less than a minute before being either stored more permanently or forgotten

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22
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Information can be held in long-term memory for hours to many years, and potentially for a lifetime

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23
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Iconic memory is sensory memory pertaining towards vision

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24
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Echoic memory is sensory memory pertaining towards hearing

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25
Q

What is the function of neural persistence?

A

Sensory memory is supported by a brief neural persistence, which is a continued activity in neurons after a stimulus ceases, which rapidly fades

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26
Q

What is chunking?

A

Chunking is a process of grouping separate stimuli into meaningful wholes or categories

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27
Q

What is working memory?

A

Working memory enhances the duration of short-term memories and facilitates their transfer into long-term storage

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28
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

Rehearsal is the process of actively maintaining information in working memory

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29
Q

What are the three parts of working memory?

A

The phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive

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30
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

The serial position curve describes how the position of an item in a sequence affects recall accuracy

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31
Q

What are the important regions on the serial position curve?

A

The primacy effect, which occurs for the items at the beginning of the list, and the recency effect which contain the last words in the sequence

32
Q

What disorders may hinder the recency effect/primacy effect?

A

People who have Alzheimer’s or schizophrenia do not show a recency effect, and people who can’t form long-term memories do not show a primacy effect

33
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Amnesia is the loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma

34
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia is the incapacity to form new long-term memories

35
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia impairs memories prior to the date of brain damage but still permits the individual to place new experiences into long-term memory

36
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Consolidation is the neurobiological process whereby memory storage is stabilized and strengthened

36
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Consolidation is the neurobiological process whereby memory storage is stabilized and strengthened

37
Q

What is Hebbian learning?

A

Hebbian learning is where when two neurons fire together, their connection grows stronger, increasing the chances that when one neuron fires it will cause the firing of the next

38
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Long-term potentiation is regarded as the most likely cellular mechanism supporting long-term memory

39
Q

What is short-term memory in terms of LTP?

A

Short-term memory is associated only with short-term presynaptic changes, which results in more release of the neurotransmitter

40
Q

What is long-term memory in terms of LTP?

A

Long-term memory is also associated with increased presynaptic changes, specifically to create more neurotransmitter receptors

41
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Reconsolidation is the retrieval of an original memory that undergoes consolidation again, rendering it vulnerable to change

42
Q

What techniques help dislodge memories through reconsolidation?

A

An ECT can dislodge memories, forgetting therapy, propanol, etc.

43
Q

What are the two branches of long-term memory?

A

Explicit memory and implicit memory

44
Q

What is explicit/implicit memory?

A

Explicit memory is a form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering; implicit memory occurs without intentional recollection or awareness and is measured indirectly through the influence of prior learning on behavior

45
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory is the gradual increase of a motor skill that comes from experience

46
Q

What is priming?

A

Priming is a process in which previous exposure to a stimulus enhances a person’s processing and response to that stimulus when it is presented again

47
Q

What is affective conditioning (classical conditioning)?

A

Affective conditioning is the learning between associations of stimuli to responses

48
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory involves the explicit recollection of personal experience that requires piecing together the elements of the specific time and place

49
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory is the explicit memory supporting your knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts

50
Q

Damage to what brain regions may cause the loss the episodic/semantic memory?

A

The hippocampus is critical for episodic memory, but the loss of semantic memory is associated with the degeneration of the surrounding later and anterior temporal lobe

51
Q

What is semantic dementia? What is semantic satiation?

A

Semantic dementia is the loss of memory for meaning in both verbal and nonverbal domains; Semantic satiation is where the repetition of a word can make that word sound meaningless

52
Q

What is retrospective memory? What is prospective memory?

A

Retrospective memory involves remembering things we have done in the past; prospective memory involves remembering thigs we need to do in the future

53
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Flashbulb memories are extremely vivid memories of emotionally significant events as if the moment were caught in time like a photograph

54
Q

What is free recall?

A

In free recall, information is accessed without any cues to aid retrieval

55
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

When given some hints, information related to the stored memories helps bring those memories back to mind, although they appeared to have faded from memory

56
Q

What is cued recall?

A

Cued recall is where recall from memory is accompanied by retrieval cues or hints, yielding much more effective results than free recall

57
Q

What is recognition?

A

Recognition memory is a form of retrieval that relies on identifying information that you have previously seen or experienced; such as recognizing someone’s face

58
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

Encoding specificity refers to how retrieval is best when it specifically recreates the way information was initially encoded

59
Q

What is the doorway effect?

A

Simply walking through a doorway influences memory retrieval because the context changes as you pass through a door into another room

60
Q

What is state-dependent retrieval?

A

State-dependent retrieval is the increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mental state during both encoding and retrieval

61
Q

What is mood-dependent retrieval?

A

Mood-dependent retrieval is an instance of the encoding specificity principle extended to your emotional states

62
Q

What is the most effective learning strategy?

A

Self-testing/retrieval practice

63
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

The spacing effect demonstrates that information is better remembered when encoding is spaced over time

64
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

The forgetting curve hypothesized the decline of memory retention in time

64
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

The forgetting curve hypothesized the decline of memory retention in time

65
Q

What is trace decay theory?

A

Trace decay theory states that if a person does not access and use a memory, the memory trace will weaken or decay over time and will be less available for later retrieval

66
Q

What is the interference theory?

A

The interference theory of forgetting argues that forgetting in long-term memory is related not to the passage of time but to interference created by integrating new and old information in the brain as time passes

67
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Retroactive interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

68
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Proactive interference is the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

69
Q

What is hyperthymesia?

A

Hyperthymesia is a condition in which people possess extremely detailed autobiographical memory

70
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a failure to retrieve information, often the name of a person, though we are confident it is stored in memory

71
Q

What is motivated forgetting?

A

Motivated forgetting occurs when individuals intentionally try to forget information so that they are less likely to retrieve it later

72
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

Encoding failure occurs when information never makes it into long-term memory

73
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Infantile amnesia is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of life

74
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

The reminiscence bump is the increased proportion of autobiographic memories from youth and early adulthood observed in adults

Psychology (7 decks)

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