Chapter 9: Memory Flashcards
Acquisition
The first step of memory encoding; sensory stimuli are acquired by short-term memory
Amnesia
Deficits in learning/memory due to brain damage
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to form new memories
Classical conditioning
Type of associative learning where an unconditioned and conditioned stimulus are paired to elicit a conditioned response
Consolidation
A process by which memory representations become stronger over time
Declarative memory
Knowledge that is consciously known/retrievable (explicit memory)
Dementia
Accelerated loss of memory/learning with age
Encoding
The process by which information is acquired and consolidated
Episodic memory
The memory of one’s life, includes context to events in one’s life; declarative/explicit
Hebbian learning
The theory that learning is due to the strengthening of synaptic connections that results from weak and strong impulses acting on a cell at the same time
Hippocampus
A brain area located in the medial temporal lobe, receives information from surrounding areas and transmits it to subcortical areas
Involved in memory, specifically for spatial location in mammals and episodic memory in humans
Learning
Process of acquiring new information
Long-term memory
Memory retained for a long time (hours, days, years)
Long-term potentiation
The process by which synaptic connections strengthen due to stimulation
Neurons from the entorhinal cortex travel via the subiculum along the _______ to synapse with granule cells of the dentate gyrus with excitatory inputs.
perforant pathway
Granule cells have distinctive-looking unmyelinated axons, known as _______.
mossy fibers
The CA3 pyramidal cells are connected to the CA1 pyramidal cells by axon collaterals, known as the _______.
Schaffer collaterals
Memory
Persistence of learning in which information can be retrieved later
Encode, store, retrieve
Nonassociative learning
Does NOT involve the association of 2 stimuli
(Opposite of classical conditioning)
Ex. Habituation, sensitization
Nondeclarative memory
Memory that one is not consciously aware of/cannot consciously access, such as cognitive and motor skills (implicit memory)
Perceptual representation system PRS
Information (objects, words) can be primed based on previous experience and revealed in implicit memory tests (nondeclarative, implicit)
Priming
Learning in which a previous/recent stimulus informs the response to a new stimulus
Procedural memory
Memory including cognitive and motor skills (nondeclarative, implicit)
Relational memory
Relates individual pieces of knowledge in support of episodic memory
Retrieval
The act of accessing stored information from one’s memory
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories that take place prior to brain damage
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories that take place before brain damage
Ribot’s law
Retrograde amnesia follows a temporal gradient
Semantic memory
Knowledge based on facts (declarative, explicit)
Sensory memory
A form of short-term memory lasting at most seconds, sensory information; separate for every sense
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
Short-term memory
Retention of information for seconds or minutes
Storage
Permanent record of information due to encoding (acquisition and consolidation)
Temporal gradient
Effects of retrograde amnesia tend to be the greatest for events closest to the brain injury (See Ribot’s law)
Temporally limited amnesia
Retrograde amnesia that does NOT span the entire life, only some time leading up to the injury
Transient global amnesia TGA
Sudden, dramatic amnesia that is both anterograde and retrograde, lasts only hours
Working memory
Maintenance and manipulation memory, has a limited capacity (7±2); Planning, computations, etc.
Left-hemisphere damage can result in selective impairment in _______ memory.
verbal
Right-hemisphere damage can result in selective impairment in _______ memory.
nonverbal-
According to outdated theories, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the deposition of _______.
beta-amyloid plaques
Alzheimer’s is now attributed to _______.
neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s disease AD
Most common form of dementia, associated with accumulation of amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles
Vascular dementia
Second most common form of dementia, caused by decreased oxygenation of neural tissue and cell death, resulting from ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts, rupture of small arterial vessels in the brain associated with diabetes, and rupture of cerebral arteries caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the walls of the vessels, CAN cooccur with AD
Frontotemporal lobar dementias
A heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by accumulations of different proteins in the frontal and temporal lobes
Result in language and behavioral changes, may overlap with AD
Serial reaction-time task
The point: healthy patients DO react faster to the sequence over time, but they are unaware of doing so (procedural knowledge, NOT declarative)
Semantic priming
The prime and target are different words from the same semantic category
Ex. dog and bone, lake and fish
Delayed nonmatch-to-sample task
Monkey is shown where a food reward is, they must identify where it is to get it; afterward, the reward is placed on the other side (the monkey cannot see this), and the monkey has to pick the new (non-matched) one
Neurons that activate when rats are in a particular place and facing a particular direction have been identified in the hippocampus and are called _______.
place cells
Binding-of-items-and-contexts BIC model
This model proposes that the perirhinal cortex represents information about specific item and the parahippocampal cortex represents information about the context in which these items were encountered
The hippocampus binds these two things together
Relational memory theory
Proposes that the hippocampus supports memory for all manner of relations
False memories
DO elicit activity in the same retrieval networks that true memories activate, though true memories are associated with GREATER activity
Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry HERA model
FALSIFIED
Episodic encoding was predominantly a left-hemisphere process, while episodic retrieval was predominantly a right-hemisphere process
The activation pattern for the contrast between successfully retrieved old items and successfully rejected new items is known as the _______.
successful retrieval effect
Working memory maintenance hypothesis
Proposes that activation of the parietal cortex is related to the maintenance of information in working memory
Multimodal integration hypothesis
Suggests that parietal activations indicate integration of multiple types of information.
Attention-to-memory model
Argues that the dorsal regions of the superior parietal lobule are necessary for top-down search of episodic memory for specific content,
And that the ventral regions of the inferior parietal lobule are critical to capturing attention once the salient content is identified
WHat three properties are suggested by Hebbian Learning
Cooperativity, associativity, specificity
Cooperativity
More than one input must be active at the same time
Associativity
Weak inputs are potentiated when co-occurring with stronger inputs
Specificity
Only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation.
