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S23 Psychology 3513 > Chapter 9: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Acquisition

A

The first step of memory encoding; sensory stimuli are acquired by short-term memory

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2
Q

Amnesia

A

Deficits in learning/memory due to brain damage

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3
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to form new memories

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Type of associative learning where an unconditioned and conditioned stimulus are paired to elicit a conditioned response

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5
Q

Consolidation

A

A process by which memory representations become stronger over time

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6
Q

Declarative memory

A

Knowledge that is consciously known/retrievable (explicit memory)

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7
Q

Dementia

A

Accelerated loss of memory/learning with age

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8
Q

Encoding

A

The process by which information is acquired and consolidated

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9
Q

Episodic memory

A

The memory of one’s life, includes context to events in one’s life; declarative/explicit

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10
Q

Hebbian learning

A

The theory that learning is due to the strengthening of synaptic connections that results from weak and strong impulses acting on a cell at the same time

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

A brain area located in the medial temporal lobe, receives information from surrounding areas and transmits it to subcortical areas

Involved in memory, specifically for spatial location in mammals and episodic memory in humans

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12
Q

Learning

A

Process of acquiring new information

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13
Q

Long-term memory

A

Memory retained for a long time (hours, days, years)

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14
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

The process by which synaptic connections strengthen due to stimulation

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15
Q

Neurons from the entorhinal cortex travel via the subiculum along the _______ to synapse with granule cells of the dentate gyrus with excitatory inputs.

A

perforant pathway

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16
Q

Granule cells have distinctive-looking unmyelinated axons, known as _______.

A

mossy fibers

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17
Q

The CA3 pyramidal cells are connected to the CA1 pyramidal cells by axon collaterals, known as the _______.

A

Schaffer collaterals

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18
Q

Memory

A

Persistence of learning in which information can be retrieved later

Encode, store, retrieve

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19
Q

Nonassociative learning

A

Does NOT involve the association of 2 stimuli
(Opposite of classical conditioning)
Ex. Habituation, sensitization

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20
Q

Nondeclarative memory

A

Memory that one is not consciously aware of/cannot consciously access, such as cognitive and motor skills (implicit memory)

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21
Q

Perceptual representation system PRS

A

Information (objects, words) can be primed based on previous experience and revealed in implicit memory tests (nondeclarative, implicit)

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22
Q

Priming

A

Learning in which a previous/recent stimulus informs the response to a new stimulus

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23
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory including cognitive and motor skills (nondeclarative, implicit)

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24
Q

Relational memory

A

Relates individual pieces of knowledge in support of episodic memory

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25
Q

Retrieval

A

The act of accessing stored information from one’s memory

26
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories that take place prior to brain damage

27
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories that take place before brain damage

28
Q

Ribot’s law

A

Retrograde amnesia follows a temporal gradient

29
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge based on facts (declarative, explicit)

30
Q

Sensory memory

A

A form of short-term memory lasting at most seconds, sensory information; separate for every sense

31
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory

32
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory

33
Q

Short-term memory

A

Retention of information for seconds or minutes

34
Q

Storage

A

Permanent record of information due to encoding (acquisition and consolidation)

35
Q

Temporal gradient

A

Effects of retrograde amnesia tend to be the greatest for events closest to the brain injury (See Ribot’s law)

36
Q

Temporally limited amnesia

A

Retrograde amnesia that does NOT span the entire life, only some time leading up to the injury

37
Q

Transient global amnesia TGA

A

Sudden, dramatic amnesia that is both anterograde and retrograde, lasts only hours

38
Q

Working memory

A

Maintenance and manipulation memory, has a limited capacity (7±2); Planning, computations, etc.

39
Q

Left-hemisphere damage can result in selective impairment in _______ memory.

A

verbal

40
Q

Right-hemisphere damage can result in selective impairment in _______ memory.

A

nonverbal-

41
Q

According to outdated theories, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the deposition of _______.

A

beta-amyloid plaques

42
Q

Alzheimer’s is now attributed to _______.

A

neurofibrillary tangles

43
Q

Alzheimer’s disease AD

A

Most common form of dementia, associated with accumulation of amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles

44
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Second most common form of dementia, caused by decreased oxygenation of neural tissue and cell death, resulting from ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts, rupture of small arterial vessels in the brain associated with diabetes, and rupture of cerebral arteries caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the walls of the vessels, CAN cooccur with AD

45
Q

Frontotemporal lobar dementias

A

A heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by accumulations of different proteins in the frontal and temporal lobes

Result in language and behavioral changes, may overlap with AD

46
Q

Serial reaction-time task

A

The point: healthy patients DO react faster to the sequence over time, but they are unaware of doing so (procedural knowledge, NOT declarative)

47
Q

Semantic priming

A

The prime and target are different words from the same semantic category

Ex. dog and bone, lake and fish

48
Q

Delayed nonmatch-to-sample task

A

Monkey is shown where a food reward is, they must identify where it is to get it; afterward, the reward is placed on the other side (the monkey cannot see this), and the monkey has to pick the new (non-matched) one

49
Q

Neurons that activate when rats are in a particular place and facing a particular direction have been identified in the hippocampus and are called _______.

A

place cells

50
Q

Binding-of-items-and-contexts BIC model

A

This model proposes that the perirhinal cortex represents information about specific item and the parahippocampal cortex represents information about the context in which these items were encountered

The hippocampus binds these two things together

51
Q

Relational memory theory

A

Proposes that the hippocampus supports memory for all manner of relations

52
Q

False memories

A

DO elicit activity in the same retrieval networks that true memories activate, though true memories are associated with GREATER activity

53
Q

Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry HERA model

A

FALSIFIED
Episodic encoding was predominantly a left-hemisphere process, while episodic retrieval was predominantly a right-hemisphere process

54
Q

The activation pattern for the contrast between successfully retrieved old items and successfully rejected new items is known as the _______.

A

successful retrieval effect

55
Q

Working memory maintenance hypothesis

A

Proposes that activation of the parietal cortex is related to the maintenance of information in working memory

56
Q

Multimodal integration hypothesis

A

Suggests that parietal activations indicate integration of multiple types of information.

57
Q

Attention-to-memory model

A

Argues that the dorsal regions of the superior parietal lobule are necessary for top-down search of episodic memory for specific content,

And that the ventral regions of the inferior parietal lobule are critical to capturing attention once the salient content is identified

58
Q

WHat three properties are suggested by Hebbian Learning

A

Cooperativity, associativity, specificity

59
Q

Cooperativity

A

More than one input must be active at the same time

60
Q

Associativity

A

Weak inputs are potentiated when co-occurring with stronger inputs

61
Q

Specificity

A

Only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation.

S23 Psychology 3513 (12 decks)

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