Chapter 11: Language Flashcards
Agrammatic aphasia
Difficulty producing/understanding the structure of sentences.
Patients may use only content words (no function words like "a" )
Alexia
The ability to read is disrupted
Acquired alexia is developed due to brain trauma/intellectual disturbance (eg. stroke) and developmental alexia (dyslexia) is apparent in childhood
Anomia
Aphasia where patient finds it difficult to find words to label things
Aphasia
Language deficit following brain damage/disease
Apraxia
Loss of skilled mvt. that can't be attributed to weakness/muscle issues
Inability to pronounce words
Arcuate fasciculus
Bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas
Conduction aphasia (Leitungsaphasie)
They hear their own errors but are unable to repair them, they also have problems producing spontaneous speech and repeating speech and sometimes use words incorrectly
May occur when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged
Lexical access
Output of perceptual analysis activates word-form representation in the mental lexicon
Lexical selection
Stage in which representations that best match input are identified aka selected
Lexical integration
The final stage in the mental lexicon, words are integrated into sentences, discourse, etc. to facilitate understanding the whole message
Morpheme
Smallest unit of meaning
Semantic paraphasias
The production of a word related to the meaning of the target word (eg. horse for cow)
Progressive semantic dementia
Patients show impairments in the conceptual system only; associated with progressive damage to temporal lobes
Syntax
The way in which words in a particular language are organized into grammatically permitted sentences.
Mental lexicon
A store of information about words that includes semantic information, syntactic information, and the details of word forms.
Sylvian fissure (lateral)
Separates frontal and temporal lobes
What general area of the brain is associated with language processing?
Left-hemisphere regions surrounding the Sylvian fissure
Dysarthria
A loss of control over articulatory muscles
Broca's aphasia
Problems fully comprehending grammatically complex sentences, absence of SEVERE comprehension issues
Issues with speaking
Broca's area
Language production
Wernicke's area
Language comprehension
Wernicke's aphasia
Difficulty understanding spoken or written language, sometimes at all
Human language is called a _______ language because it arises from the abilities of the brain.
natural
Phonological
Sound-based
Orthographic
Vision-based
The question of how we differentiate auditory sounds into separate words is known as the _______ problem.
segmentation
Pandemonium model
4-stage model for visual stimuli processing where each stage had specific components that represented discrete substages of information processing and that, taken together, would allow a mechanical or biological visual system to recognize patterns.
“Demons” in the biological model correspond to specific neurons or neuronal circuits.
3 classes of models that attempt to explain word comprehension:
Modular, interactive, hybrid
Modular models
Claim that normal language comprehension is executed within separate and independent modules
Interactive models
All types of information can participate in word recognition. In these models, context can have its influence even before the sensory information is available, by changing the activational status of the word-form representations in the mental lexicon
Hybrid models
Based on the notion that lexical access is autonomous and not influenced by higher-level information, but that lexical selection can be influenced by sensory and higher-level contextual information.
Syntactic parsing
Assigning syntactic structure to words in sentences
N400 response
Semantic violation response
P600
Grammatic violation response
Memory unification control model
Memory refers to the linguistic knowledge that, following acquisition, is encoded and consolidated in neocortical memory structures.
Unification refers to the integration of lexically retrieved phonological, semantic, and syntactic information into an overall representation of the whole utterance.
Control relates language to social interactions and joint action
Lemmas
Specify a word's syntactic properties
Hierarchical state feedback control (HSFC) model
Hickok’s model of speech production involves parallel processing and two levels of hierarchical control.
Input to the HSFC model begins with the activation of a conceptual representation that in turn excites a corresponding word (lemma) representation, just as in linguistic models.
Unlike the situation in some psycholinguistic models, the phonological level is split into a motor and a sensory phonological system.
The word level projects in parallel to sensory (right) and motor (left) sides of two hierarchical levels of feedback control, each with its own internal and external sensory feedback loops.
