Chapter 11: Language

Question 1

Agrammatic aphasia

Answer 1

Difficulty producing/understanding the structure of sentences.

Patients may use only content words (no function words like "a" )

Question 2

Alexia

Answer 2

The ability to read is disrupted
Acquired alexia is developed due to brain trauma/intellectual disturbance (eg. stroke) and developmental alexia (dyslexia) is apparent in childhood

Question 3

Anomia

Answer 3

Aphasia where patient finds it difficult to find words to label things

Question 4

Aphasia

Answer 4

Language deficit following brain damage/disease

Question 5

Apraxia

Answer 5

Loss of skilled mvt. that can't be attributed to weakness/muscle issues

Inability to pronounce words

Question 6

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 6

Bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas

Question 7

Conduction aphasia (Leitungsaphasie)

Answer 7

They hear their own errors but are unable to repair them, they also have problems producing spontaneous speech and repeating speech and sometimes use words incorrectly

May occur when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged

Question 8

Lexical access

Answer 8

Output of perceptual analysis activates word-form representation in the mental lexicon

Question 9

Lexical selection

Answer 9

Stage in which representations that best match input are identified aka selected

Question 10

Lexical integration

Answer 10

The final stage in the mental lexicon, words are integrated into sentences, discourse, etc. to facilitate understanding the whole message

Question 11

Morpheme

Answer 11

Smallest unit of meaning

Question 12

Semantic paraphasias

Answer 12

The production of a word related to the meaning of the target word (eg. horse for cow)

Question 13

Progressive semantic dementia

Answer 13

Patients show impairments in the conceptual system only; associated with progressive damage to temporal lobes

Question 14

Syntax

Answer 14

The way in which words in a particular language are organized into grammatically permitted sentences.

Question 15

Mental lexicon

Answer 15

A store of information about words that includes semantic information, syntactic information, and the details of word forms.

Question 16

Sylvian fissure (lateral)

Answer 16

Separates frontal and temporal lobes

Question 17

What general area of the brain is associated with language processing?

Answer 17

Left-hemisphere regions surrounding the Sylvian fissure

Question 18

Dysarthria

Answer 18

A loss of control over articulatory muscles

Question 19

Broca's aphasia

Answer 19

Problems fully comprehending grammatically complex sentences, absence of SEVERE comprehension issues

Issues with speaking

Question 20

Broca's area

Answer 20

Language production

Question 21

Wernicke's area

Answer 21

Language comprehension

Question 22

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 22

Difficulty understanding spoken or written language, sometimes at all

Question 23

Human language is called a _______ language because it arises from the abilities of the brain.

Answer 23

natural

Question 24

Phonological

Answer 24

Sound-based

Question 25

Orthographic

Answer 25

Vision-based

Question 26

The question of how we differentiate auditory sounds into separate words is known as the _______ problem.

Answer 26

segmentation

Question 27

Pandemonium model

Answer 27

4-stage model for visual stimuli processing where each stage had specific components that represented discrete substages of information processing and that, taken together, would allow a mechanical or biological visual system to recognize patterns.

“Demons” in the biological model correspond to specific neurons or neuronal circuits.

Question 28

3 classes of models that attempt to explain word comprehension:

Answer 28

Modular, interactive, hybrid

Question 29

Modular models

Answer 29

Claim that normal language comprehension is executed within separate and independent modules

Question 30

Interactive models

Answer 30

All types of information can participate in word recognition. In these models, context can have its influence even before the sensory information is available, by changing the activational status of the word-form representations in the mental lexicon

Question 31

Hybrid models

Answer 31

Based on the notion that lexical access is autonomous and not influenced by higher-level information, but that lexical selection can be influenced by sensory and higher-level contextual information.

Question 32

Syntactic parsing

Answer 32

Assigning syntactic structure to words in sentences

Question 33

N400 response

Answer 33

Semantic violation response

Question 34

P600

Answer 34

Grammatic violation response

Question 35

Memory unification control model

Answer 35

Memory refers to the linguistic knowledge that, following acquisition, is encoded and consolidated in neocortical memory structures.

Unification refers to the integration of lexically retrieved phonological, semantic, and syntactic information into an overall representation of the whole utterance.

Control relates language to social interactions and joint action

Question 36

Lemmas

Answer 36

Specify a word's syntactic properties

Question 37

Hierarchical state feedback control (HSFC) model

Answer 37

Hickok’s model of speech production involves parallel processing and two levels of hierarchical control.

Input to the HSFC model begins with the activation of a conceptual representation that in turn excites a corresponding word (lemma) representation, just as in linguistic models.

Unlike the situation in some psycholinguistic models, the phonological level is split into a motor and a sensory phonological system.

The word level projects in parallel to sensory (right) and motor (left) sides of two hierarchical levels of feedback control, each with its own internal and external sensory feedback loops.