Chapter 9 Learning (2) Flashcards
Operant Comditioning
Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in or responding increases or decreases in occurrence
Reinforcement
Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases to likelihood that the response will be repeated
Primary reinforcer
Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
Secondary reinforcer
Stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer
Fixed ratio schedule
Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses Is required before reinforcement can be obtained
Variable ratio schedule
Schedule of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
Fixed interval schedule
Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
Schedule of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement
Shaping
Technique is which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.
Response chain
Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
Aversive control
Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
Negative reinforcement
Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
Escape conditioning
Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
Social learning
Form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
