CHapter 9: Leadership Flashcards
Leadership
The
influence that particular
individuals exert on the goal
achievement of others in an
organizational context.
Strategic Leadership
Leadership that involves
the ability to anticipate,
envision, maintain flexibility,
think strategically, and
work with others to initiate
changes that will create
a viable future for the
organization.
How do strategic leaders provide competitive advantage?
by helping their organizations compete in turbulent and unpredictable
environments and by exploiting growth opportunities.
Individual with titles such as manager, occupy…
formal or assigned leadership roles.
Emergent Leadership
The
degree to which an
individual with no formal
status or authority is
perceived by one or more
team members as exhibiting
leaderlike influence.
Shared leadership
An
emergent and dynamic
team phenomenon whereby
leadership roles and
influence are distributed
among team members.
The more leadership is shared in a team…
The better its performance
Since informal leaders do not have formal authority, they must rely on being…
well liked or being perceived as highly skilled to exert
inf luence.
Trait theory of leadership.
Leadership depends on the
personal qualities or traits of
the leader.
Traits
Individual
characteristics such
as physical attributes,
intellectual ability, and
personality.
Research has shown that many traits..
many traits are not associated with whether people become leaders or
how effective they are as leaders.
From the big five dimension, what are the most consistent predictor of leadership effectiveness?
Extraversion & Conscientiounsness
Narcissism
A personality
trait that combines
grandiosity, attention
seeking, an unrealistically
inflated self-view, a need
for that self-view to be
continuously reinforced
through self-regulation, and
a general lack of regard for
others.
Motivation to Lead (MTL)
The desire to attain
leadership roles and to
expand effort to fulfill leader
role requirements.
Narcissism seems to be associated with…
extreme variations in leader behaviour that tend to result in greater performance volatility.
Thus, CEO narcissism can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on organizations.
Leadership Categorization Theory
People are more
likely to view somebody as
a leader and to evaluate
them as a more effective
leader when they possess
prototypical characteristics
of leadership.
The most crucial problem of the trait approach to leadership is…
its failure to
consider the situation in which leadership occurs. Intuitively, it seems reasonable that top
executives and first-level supervisors might require different traits to be successful. Similarly,
physical capabilities might be useful in directing a logging crew but irrelevant to managing
a team of scientists.
One general limitation of the trait approach…
The trait approach is mainly concerned with what leaders bring to a group setting. The
limitations of this approach gradually promoted an interest in what leaders do in group settings.
Consideration - Leader Behaviour
The
extent to which a leader is
approachable and shows
personal concern and
respect for employees.
Initiating structure - Leader Behaviour
The
degree to which a leader
concentrates on group goal
attainment.
Consideration tends to be more strongly related to…
follower satisfaction (leader satisfaction and job satisfaction), motivation, and
leader effectiveness.
Initiating structure is slightly more strongly related to…
leader job
performance and group performance.
Leader reward behaviour
The leader’s use of
compliments, tangible
benefits, and deserved
special treatment.
Contingent reward behaviour
Rewarding
employees for meeting
performance goals and
expectations.
Leader punishment behaviour
The leader’s
use of reprimands
or unfavourable task
assignments and the active
withholding of rewards.
Contingent reward behaviour is positively related to…
employees’ perceptions (e.g., trust
in supervisor), attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction and organizational commitment), and behaviour
(e.g., effort, performance, and organizational citizenship behaviour).
Contingent leader punishment is related to more…
favourable employee perceptions,
attitudes, and behaviour
Non-contingent punishment behaviour is related to…
unfavourable outcomes.
The relationships of leader reward and punishment behaviour is much stronger when…
rewards and punishment are
made contingent on employee behaviour, which means that the manner in which leaders
administer rewards and punishment is a critical determinant of their effectiveness.
Leader reward and punishment behaviour leads to…
more positive perceptions of justice and lower
role ambiguity.
Fiedler’s contingency theory
Fred Fiedler’s theory that states
that the association between
leadership orientation
and group effectiveness
is contingent on how
favourable the situation is
for exerting influence.
Least preferred co-worker
A current or
past co-worker with whom
a leader has had a difficult
time accomplishing a task.
A leader who describes the LPC favourably can be considered…
relationship oriented
A leader who describes the LPC unfavourably can be considered…
task oriented
House’s Path-Goal Theory
A
situational theory of
leadership that is concerned
with the situations under
which various leader
behaviours (directive,
supportive, participative,
achievement oriented) are
most effective.
4 types of leader behaviour, Path-Goal Theory
1) Directive Behaviour
2) Supportive Behaviour
3) Participative Behaviour
4) Achievement-oriented behaviour
Path-goal theory concerns itself with two primary classes of
situational factors, what is it?
employee characteristics and environmental factors
Employees who are high need achievers (Chapter 5) should work well under…
achievement-oriented leadership
Employees who prefer being told what to do should respond best to…
a directive
leadership style.
When employees feel that they have rather low task abilities, they should appreciate…
directive leadership and coaching behaviour
When tasks are clear and routine, employees should perceive directive leadership as…
a redundant and unnecessary imposition
When tasks are challenging but ambiguous, employees should appreciate both…
directive and participative leadership
Frustrating,
dissatisfying job should increase employee appreciation of…
supportive
behaviour.
Participative leadership
Involving employees in
making work-related
decisions.
Advantages of participative leadership
1) Motivation and Performance
2) Quality –> Empower employee to take direct actino
3) Acceptance –> Increase employee’s acceptance of decision
Problems of Participative Leadership
1) Time & Energy
2) Loss of power
3) Lack of receptivity or knowledge
Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory
A theory
of leadership that focuses
on the quality of the
relationship that develops
between a leader and an
employee.
LMX Differentiation (LMXD)
The variability
in the quality of LMX
relationships between
members of the same
workgroup.
The basis for the effects of LMX on employees is social exchange theory, what is it?
Individuals who are treated
favourably by others feel
obliged to reciprocate by
responding positively and
returning that favourable
treatment in some manner.
Employees with higher-quality LMX have higher..
self-efficacy,
overall satisfaction, satisfaction with supervision, organizational commitment, organizational
citizenship behaviour (OCB), role clarity, job performance, creativity, and career
outcomes, and lower role conf lict, counterproductive performance, and turnover intentions.
Transactional leadership
Leadership that is based on
a straightforward exchange
relationship between the
leader and the followers.
Management by Exception
Leadership
that involves the leader
taking corrective action on
the basis of the results of
leader–follower transactions.
Management by
exception–active
(MBEA)
Routinely
monitoring the behaviour
of followers and actively
searching for and correcting
deviations from the norm as
they happen.
Management by
exception–passive
(MBEP).
Correcting
mistakes only after they
have occurred.
Transformational
leadership.
Leadership
that provides followers with
a new vision that instills true
commitment.
Behaviour of Transformational Leaders
1) Intellectual Stimulation
2) Individualized Consideration
3) Inspirational Motivation
4) Charisma
What is Charisma?
The ability to
command strong loyalty
and devotion from followers
and thus have the potential
for strong influence among
them.
Emergence of Charisma is…
a complex function of traits, behaviours,
and being in the right place at the right time.
Charisma leadership has been found to be strongly related to…
follower satisfaction and leadership effectiveness
Empowering leadership.
Implementing conditions
that enable power to be
shared with employees.
Positive Leadership
Leadership that focuses
on leader behaviours and
interpersonal dynamics
that increase followers’
confidence and result in
positive outcomes beyond
task compliance.
Empowering leadership provides employees with…
a greater feeling of control over their work
and a sense that they can make a difference in their organization’s effectiveness
Ethical Leadership
The demonstration of
normatively appropriate
conduct through personal
actions and interpersonal
relationships, and the
promotion of such conduct
to followers through twoway
communication,
reinforcement, and decision
making.
Ethical Organizational Climate
The shared
perceptions that employees
have about ethical policies,
practices, and procedures
in formal organizational
systems.
Authentic Leadership
A positive form of leadership
that involves being true to
oneself.
4 distinct behaviours of authentic leadership
1) Self-awareness
2) Relational Transparency
3) Balanced processing
4) Internalized moral perspective
Servant Leadership
A
form of leadership that
involves going beyond
one’s own self-interests and
having a genuine concern
to serve others and a
motivation to lead.
6 Key Characteristics of servant leadership
1) Empowering and developing people
2) Humility
3) Authenticity
4) Interpersonal acceptance
5) Providing direction
6) Stewardship
Laissesz-faire leadership
A style of leadership that
involves the avoidance or
absence of leadership. (Negatively related to leader effectiveness)
Women are perceived as more effective leaders in…
Middle management positions
Glass Ceiling
An invisible
barrier that prevents women
from advancing to senior
leadership positions in
organizations.
Role Congruity Theory
Prejudice against female
leaders is the result of an
incongruity between the
perceived characteristics of
women and the perceived
requirements of leadership
roles.
Agentic Traits
- Dedicated
- Charismatic
- Intelligent
- Determined
- Agressive
Communal Traits
- Caring
- Sensitive
- Honest
- Understanding
- Compassionate
Implicit leadership theory
A theory that states
that individuals hold a set
of beliefs about the kinds
of attributes, personality
characteristics, skills, and
behaviours that contribute
to or impede outstanding
leadership.
six global leadership dimensions for outstanding leadership…
1) Charismatic/Value-Based
2) Team-Oriented
3) Participative
4) Humane-Oriented
5) Autonomous
6) Self-Protective
Global Leadership
A set
of leadership capabilities
required to function
effectively in different
cultures and the ability
to cross language, social,
economic, and political
borders.
4 Characteristics of Global Leaders
1) Unbridled Inquisitiveness
2) Personal Character
3) Duality (local and global)
4) Savy
What style of leadership is best?
depends on the situation
3 Categories of how a leader influences followers…
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavioural
