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Psychology 111 > Chapter 9: Language And Thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language And Thought Flashcards

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1
Q

Every species ______

A

Has its own ways of communication

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2
Q

Language

A

System for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules to grammar and that convert meaning

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3
Q

Grammar

A

A set of rules that specify units (bitdone)

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4
Q

Human language has unique characteristics

A

1) express wide range of ideas, generate infinite number of sentences
2) use words/ language to refer to abstracts
3) use language with reference to our own thoughts

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5
Q

50 years ago, there were how many languages

A

7,000 living human languages

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6
Q

Now a days, how many languages?

A

Half of those exist

1/3 of the half is endangered

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7
Q

Language is

A

The collective heritage of humanity

It reflects increasing reduction of bio

A flash of human spirit

A way that the soul and knowledge of a culture comes to the material world

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8
Q

Importance of indigenous

A

All languages share basic structure

They have a set of sounds and rules for combining sounds to produce meaning

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9
Q

Basic characteristics of language

A

1) Phoneme
2) phonological rules
3) Morphemes
4) Morphological
5) Syntactical rules

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10
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound recognized as speech rather than a random noise

A and I used rather than an e or p

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11
Q

Phonological rules

A

Rules about combining speech sounds

(We learn this without instruction)

Example. Adding s makes a word plural

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12
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful unit of language. A meaningful unit of language that cannot he further divided

Children —> child

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13
Q

Morphological rules

A

How we combined morphemes

Example “s” makes things plural

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14
Q

Syntactical rules

A

How to combine words into sentences

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15
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of words

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16
Q

Syntax Vs. Semantics

A

Form of an atterance =\ meaning

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17
Q

Language development

3 things

A

1) We learn languages at a fast rate
2) when we learn we make few mistakes
3) passive mastery develops faster than active mastery

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18
Q

How many words do we know at age 1 compared to 2

A

10 words we know at one

10,000 words we know at 2

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19
Q

At birth, a baby can distinguish all _______

A

Languages

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20
Q

Develop

4-6 month babies

A

They babble

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21
Q

All babies go through the same ______

A

Babbling sequence

Regardless of culture
Babies may valve phenomes that do not occur in their learned language

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22
Q

Babies say daddy before mommy

A

Know this

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23
Q

Even ____ babies ____ sounds

A

Deaf, babble

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24
Q

If parents use sign language

A

Babies babble with their hands

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25
Q

Theories of language development

Behaviourist explanations

A

We certainly do encourage some words and discourage others

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26
Q

Nativist explanation

Genetic dysphasia

A

Unable to learn language but have norms intellegence

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27
Q

Broca’s area

A

Help in producing coherent speech

28
Q

Wernickes area

A

Helps in speech processing

29
Q

Can species learn human language?

A

Chimps can mimick or guess what to say but it’s all a shame

30
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Language shapes the nature of thought

31
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

32
Q

Lanaguages and culture

Guagu Yimithirr language

A

No words for left or right

They use north east south west

33
Q

Rational choice theory

A

We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging by the value of the outcome and multiplying the two

34
Q

We are pretty good at judging ______

A

Frequencies!

Example: 10/100 people die from this

35
Q

We are terrible at judging ______

A

Probabilities!

10% of people die from this

36
Q

It is better to phrase questions in terms of _____ and not _______

A

Frequencies and not probabilities

37
Q

We tend use to use a number of shortcuts when making ______

A

Decisions

38
Q

Heuristics

A

Fast, efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making

  • usually work
  • no guarantee of solution
  • mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
39
Q

Algorithm

A

Sequence of procedures, sets, or rules that guarantee a solution to a problem

40
Q

We usually use ____ when making decisions and choices

A

Heuristics

41
Q

Availability bias

A

Items more easily accessible in memory are judged by occurring more frequently

42
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

Thinking that specific conditions are more probable than a single general condition

43
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

44
Q

Framing effect

A

Giving different answers to the same problem depending on the the problem is phrased or framed

The people dying test we did in class

45
Q

The sunk cost fallacy

A

Making a decision about a current situation on purely the basis of whether they have previously invested in that situation

Spend 10,000$ on school to drop out

46
Q

Optimism bias

A

Believing that compared to other people, you are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future

Eg. running into a black swan

47
Q

Optimistic people

A
  • live longer
  • less distress
  • better immune response
  • less likely to be substance addicts
  • more problem solving
48
Q

Unrealistic or extreme optimists

A
  • higher level of stress
  • reduces performance
  • don’t try as hard
  • more likely to smoke
49
Q

Realistic optimism

A

Be optimistic and make an effort to make things happen

-don’t ignore negative, but don’t focus on it

50
Q

Who thought of Prospect theory

A

Daniel Kahnman and Amos Tversky

51
Q

What is prospect theory

A

We take risks when evaluating potential losses or whenever outcomes are bad, we reject them a take a risk

52
Q

Parental lobe damage

A

Known to engage in risky behaviours and have impulse control problems

53
Q

How old are you when your Brain is full developed

A

24 baby

54
Q

Problem Solving ninjas

Well defined problems

A

How to move a chair; easy and simple

55
Q

I’ll-defined problems

A

Do not have clear goals or well defined solution paths

56
Q

Means end analysis

A

What are the steps or means to get you from here to solving the problem

57
Q

Steps to take for means end analysis

A

1) what is my end goal
2) what is your current state
3) steps to get from step two to step one

58
Q

3 ways to solve a means end analysis

A

Take a direct route

Make sungoals

Find similar problems and apply those solutions

59
Q

Analogical problem solving

A

Solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a solution and applying that solution to the current problem

60
Q

Practical application

A

It is all about the gist, the essence, the generalities that are similar

61
Q

The more problems you solve, the greater your ability to recognize general principles of your problem

A

Know this

62
Q

Fresh perspective

A

Talk to others outside of dicipline

Holliannes friend fixing the furnace

63
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Stops you from having innovative ideas

64
Q

Cognitive bias

A

Drives people to use objects in traditional standards ways

65
Q

Mental set

A

Solve this problem once, always use it like that

Oven racks for walls

66
Q

Reasoning

A

Organizing information or beliefs into series of steps to reach conclusions

Logic usually involved (although we don’t use it)

Psychology 111 (8 decks)

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