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Psychology 111 > Chapter 9: Language And Thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language And Thought Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Every species ______

A

Has its own ways of communication

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2
Q

Language

A

System for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules to grammar and that convert meaning

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3
Q

Grammar

A

A set of rules that specify units (bitdone)

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4
Q

Human language has unique characteristics

A

1) express wide range of ideas, generate infinite number of sentences
2) use words/ language to refer to abstracts
3) use language with reference to our own thoughts

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5
Q

50 years ago, there were how many languages

A

7,000 living human languages

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6
Q

Now a days, how many languages?

A

Half of those exist

1/3 of the half is endangered

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7
Q

Language is

A

The collective heritage of humanity

It reflects increasing reduction of bio

A flash of human spirit

A way that the soul and knowledge of a culture comes to the material world

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8
Q

Importance of indigenous

A

All languages share basic structure

They have a set of sounds and rules for combining sounds to produce meaning

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9
Q

Basic characteristics of language

A

1) Phoneme
2) phonological rules
3) Morphemes
4) Morphological
5) Syntactical rules

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10
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound recognized as speech rather than a random noise

A and I used rather than an e or p

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11
Q

Phonological rules

A

Rules about combining speech sounds

(We learn this without instruction)

Example. Adding s makes a word plural

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12
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful unit of language. A meaningful unit of language that cannot he further divided

Children —> child

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13
Q

Morphological rules

A

How we combined morphemes

Example “s” makes things plural

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14
Q

Syntactical rules

A

How to combine words into sentences

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15
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of words

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16
Q

Syntax Vs. Semantics

A

Form of an atterance =\ meaning

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17
Q

Language development

3 things

A

1) We learn languages at a fast rate
2) when we learn we make few mistakes
3) passive mastery develops faster than active mastery

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18
Q

How many words do we know at age 1 compared to 2

A

10 words we know at one

10,000 words we know at 2

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19
Q

At birth, a baby can distinguish all _______

A

Languages

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20
Q

Develop

4-6 month babies

A

They babble

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21
Q

All babies go through the same ______

A

Babbling sequence

Regardless of culture
Babies may valve phenomes that do not occur in their learned language

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22
Q

Babies say daddy before mommy

A

Know this

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23
Q

Even ____ babies ____ sounds

A

Deaf, babble

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24
Q

If parents use sign language

A

Babies babble with their hands

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25
Theories of language development Behaviourist explanations
We certainly do encourage some words and discourage others
26
Nativist explanation Genetic dysphasia
Unable to learn language but have norms intellegence
27
Broca’s area
Help in producing coherent speech
28
Wernickes area
Helps in speech processing
29
Can species learn human language?
Chimps can mimick or guess what to say but it’s all a shame
30
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language shapes the nature of thought
31
Benjamin Whorf
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
32
Lanaguages and culture Guagu Yimithirr language
No words for left or right They use north east south west
33
Rational choice theory
We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging by the value of the outcome and multiplying the two
34
We are pretty good at judging ______
Frequencies! Example: 10/100 people die from this
35
We are terrible at judging ______
Probabilities! 10% of people die from this
36
It is better to phrase questions in terms of _____ and not _______
Frequencies and not probabilities
37
We tend use to use a number of shortcuts when making ______
Decisions
38
Heuristics
Fast, efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making - usually work - no guarantee of solution - mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
39
Algorithm
Sequence of procedures, sets, or rules that guarantee a solution to a problem
40
We usually use ____ when making decisions and choices
Heuristics
41
Availability bias
Items more easily accessible in memory are judged by occurring more frequently
42
Conjunction fallacy
Thinking that specific conditions are more probable than a single general condition
43
Representative heuristic
Making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
44
Framing effect
Giving different answers to the same problem depending on the the problem is phrased or framed The people dying test we did in class
45
The sunk cost fallacy
Making a decision about a current situation on purely the basis of whether they have previously invested in that situation Spend 10,000$ on school to drop out
46
Optimism bias
Believing that compared to other people, you are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future Eg. running into a black swan
47
Optimistic people
- live longer - less distress - better immune response - less likely to be substance addicts - more problem solving
48
Unrealistic or extreme optimists
- higher level of stress - reduces performance - don’t try as hard - more likely to smoke
49
Realistic optimism
Be optimistic and make an effort to make things happen | -don’t ignore negative, but don’t focus on it
50
Who thought of Prospect theory
Daniel Kahnman and Amos Tversky
51
What is prospect theory
We take risks when evaluating potential losses or whenever outcomes are bad, we reject them a take a risk
52
Parental lobe damage
Known to engage in risky behaviours and have impulse control problems
53
How old are you when your Brain is full developed
24 baby
54
Problem Solving ninjas Well defined problems
How to move a chair; easy and simple
55
I’ll-defined problems
Do not have clear goals or well defined solution paths
56
Means end analysis
What are the steps or means to get you from here to solving the problem
57
Steps to take for means end analysis
1) what is my end goal 2) what is your current state 3) steps to get from step two to step one
58
3 ways to solve a means end analysis
Take a direct route Make sungoals Find similar problems and apply those solutions
59
Analogical problem solving
Solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a solution and applying that solution to the current problem
60
Practical application
It is all about the gist, the essence, the generalities that are similar
61
The more problems you solve, the greater your ability to recognize general principles of your problem
Know this
62
Fresh perspective
Talk to others outside of dicipline Holliannes friend fixing the furnace
63
Functional fixedness
Stops you from having innovative ideas
64
Cognitive bias
Drives people to use objects in traditional standards ways
65
Mental set
Solve this problem once, always use it like that Oven racks for walls
66
Reasoning
Organizing information or beliefs into series of steps to reach conclusions Logic usually involved (although we don’t use it)

Psychology 111 (8 decks)

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