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Psychology 111 > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Based on experience; something that changes in the organism and changes that are relatively permanent

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2
Q

REVIEW: Behaviourism

A

John Watson - focussing on what people did

BF Skinner
Reinforcement of consequences

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3
Q

Classical conditioning (John Watson)

A

When a neutral stimulant produces a response after paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Dog gets food

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5
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Dog gets food, goes over and eats it

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Human rings a bell when giving food

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7
Q

Acquisition phase

A

Ring bell, gets food

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Condition to do. Ring bell, dog should drool

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Dog drools when hearing bell

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10
Q

Second ordered conditioning

A

Show dog a ball, ring a bell, and give food. Adds another condition

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11
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of learned response when conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a test period

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13
Q

REVIEW!

Perceptual constancy

A

Chair tunes blue, still recognize it is blue

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14
Q

Generalization

A

When the conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original conditioned stimulus used during acquisition

Change the bell and dog still drools, just does not drool as much

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15
Q

Emotional response

A

Can be learned much faster than any other response

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16
Q

Little Albert (Watson)

A

Classical conditioning of a baby to fear rabbits

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17
Q

Watson went into advertising

A

Used emotional responses to sell products

Examples, baby’s on toilet paper, animals on diapers

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18
Q

Rescorla and Wagner

A

Classical conditioning occurs because of expectations

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19
Q

Conditioning is easier when it is _____

A

Unfamiliar

Because familiar stimuli already have expectations attached

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20
Q

Evolutionary elements of classical conditioning

A

Normally takes several pairings of conditioned stimulus with us to establish learning but food: tastes takes once

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21
Q

Examples of evolutionary elements of classical conditioning

A

Eat a whole bag of bits and bites, get super sick, never eat it again

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22
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Attribute to new thing

Prepared to be easily conditioned for survival

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23
Q

Side effects to chemotherapy

A

Nausea and vomiting

Although chemo makes you sick, people think it’s the food

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24
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Views people as active, as operating on environment

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25
Q

Definition of operant conditioning

A

Consequences of an organisms behaviour determines whether the organism will repeat that behaviour in the future

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26
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Law of effect: recorded behaviour is likely to occur

BF Skinner: rats in box

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27
Q

Forget:

A

Reinforcer, Punisher, positive, negative

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28
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases frequency of a behaviour

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29
Q

Positive

A

Decreases frequency of a behaviour

30
Q

Negative

A

Remove stimulus

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Done something, affects increased behaviour

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Take something away, behaviour is there

33
Q

Positive punishment

A

Apply something to decrease frequency

34
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removed something, decrease frequency

35
Q

The key is the amount of time between behaviour and reinforcer or punishment

A

The more space between the consequences, the less powerful the reinforcer or punishment

36
Q

Basic principles of operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is under discriminative stimulus control

37
Q

Extinction burst

A

With holding reinforcement from previous reinforced behaviour

38
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

Classical conditioning: pattern of reinforcement

Operant conditioning: pattern of reinforcement

39
Q

Fixed interval

A

Are specific amount of time must elapse before the reinforcer is presidented

Example: exam schedule done once month ahead of time; it is fixed

40
Q

Variable interval

A

Amount of time between behaviour and reinforcer will vary trial to trial

Walk into doctor: is it 5 mins or 4 hours

41
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Reinforcement is provided for a specific amount of repeated behaviours

Buy 10 coffee’s get one free

42
Q

Variable ratio

A

Reinforcement is provided following a behaviour without consistency

Slot machines, you might win, might lose

43
Q

Pattern of _______ differs for different types of ______

A

Responding, reinforcement schedule

44
Q

Fixed interval

A

Responding increases as reinforcement time nears

45
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Activity slows after reinforcement, then picks up again

46
Q

Variable interval

A

Steady, consistent responding

  • hard to get shorted but one behaviour starts
  • vey hard to extinguish
47
Q

Variable ratio

A

High rates of responding, hard to extinguish

48
Q

Variable patterns of reinforcement =

A

Intermittent reinforcement effect

49
Q

Shaping

A

Process of learning/ training behaviour through operant conditions.

Reinforcing of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

50
Q

Underlying brain mechanism

A

Pleasure centre of your body (Limbic system)

51
Q

Limbic system consists of

A

Hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala

All run on dopamine

52
Q

Dopamine is more associated with _____ than with _______

A

Craving, liking/ active pleasure

53
Q

Dopamine causes you to seek out _____ things and activities

A

Pleasurable

54
Q

Opioid system makes you feel ____. It’s a balance between the two

A

Pleasure

55
Q

Craving / seeking =

A

Dopamine

56
Q

Satisfying / pleasure =

A

Opioid

57
Q

If opioid system is stronger than dopamine

A

Narcotic / opioid = induces lethargic euphoria

58
Q

Dopamine is stronger than opioid

A

Craving not getting satisfied

Dopamine loop

59
Q

Observational learning

A

Learn by watching the actions of others

60
Q

Albert Bondura

A

Bobo doll, children kick the shit out of the doll, by things they’ve seen around them

61
Q

Diffusion chain

A

Individual learns behaviour by watching someone else

Displays that behaviour

Becomes a model of that behaviour for someone else

62
Q

Watch someone perform a motor skill,

A

You can perform that motor skill

63
Q

Implicit learning

A

Learning that takes place without awareness, natural happens

64
Q

Techniques for learning

A

Distributed vs mass practice

65
Q

Distributed

A

Study over the course of days / x amount of time

66
Q

Mass practice

A

Cramming

67
Q

Stupid who don’t cram know how much more?

A

17%

68
Q

Habituation

A

Living by an airport. Over time the stimulus goes away

69
Q

Sensitization

A

Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

House gets broken in to, at night your scared of sounds now

70
Q

Latent learning

A

Something is learned but does not show it

Rat in box does maze quickly after food comes about

71
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the physical features

Psychology 111 (8 decks)

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