Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 105 > Chapter 9 - Language And Thinking > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Language And Thinking Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

• The scientific study of the psychological aspects of

language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Grammar

A

• The set of rules that dictate how symbols can be

combined to create meaningful units of communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Generatively

A

Combine symbols to generate an infinite number of

messages that can have novel meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Displacement

A

• Can communicate about events and objects not physically present
• Past, future, imaginary events, can be symbolically
represented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Surface structure

A

Consists of ways symbols are combined

  • syntax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for combinations (grammar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Deep structure

A

Underlying meaning of combined symbols

  • semantics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Semantics

A

Rules for connecting the symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phonemes

A
  • Smallest units of sound recognized as separate • Do not correspond to letters of alphabet • Humans can produce 100s of phonemes
  • No language uses all
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Morphemes

A

• Smallest units of meaning • Combination of phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Syntax

A

Syntax determines how phonemes combine into
morphemes
• Some are single letters (s, ed)
• Some are single syllable words (hat, bat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the order of language structure

A

Phonemes - morphemes - words - phrases - sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The role of bottom-up processing

A

Individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and

then combined to form a unified perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The role of top-down processing

A

• Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing
knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

  • speech segmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence

begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bro as area

A

Speech formation, overlap with primary motor cortex, associated with hand movements and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wernickes area

A

Speech understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Damage to either the wernickes area or Broca’s area can result in

A

Aphasia: permenant / temporary damage to perception of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sex differences in the brain

A

Neural systems seem to show differences in males and females

MALES: activation in left hemisphere, more aphasia symptoms
FEMALES: activation of both hemispheres, less symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Infants (1-3 months) learn to

A

Vocalize entire range of phenomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

6-12 months age:

A

discriminate sounds specific to

native language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

All languages would have nouns or verbs and rules that are applied to them. Every language is different. Switches are turned on or off for each language. Calibrating your brain to learn the language.

(Focus on biological side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Child directed speech

A

Baby talk or high pitch talk

25
Q

Operant conditioning

A

• Positive reinforcement of appropriate language
• Nonreinforcement /correction of inappropriate
language

By B.F skinner

26
Q

Evidence Against Operant Conditioning

A
  • Children learn words quickly
  • Parents don’t correct grammar
  • (correct deep structure errors)
27
Q

Language acquisition support system (LASS)

A

• Represents social factors in the environment that

facilitate language learning

28
Q

Telographic speech

A

Not proper framer but the message still is present “want cookie”

29
Q

Learning a second language

• Learned best & spoken most fluently when acquired in

A

sensitive period

30
Q

Bilingualism is associated with greater

A

thinking flexibility, higher

performance on intelligence tests

31
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

• Language determines what we are capable of

thinking • Current view = language influences thinking

32
Q

Influences of Language

A
  • How we think
  • How efficiently we categorize experiences
  • How much detail we attend to
33
Q

Language influences

A
  • Perceptions
  • Decisions
  • Conclusions drawn
34
Q

Propositional Thought

A

•Expresses a statement, such as “I’m hungry” or “It’s almost time for dinner”

35
Q

Imaginal Thought

A

• Consists of images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind

36
Q

Motoric thought

A

• Relates to mental representations of motor

movements, such as throwing an object

37
Q

Propositions

A
  • Statements that express ideas

* Consist of concepts combined in a particular way

38
Q

Concepts

A

• Basic units of semantic memory

39
Q

Prototypes

A
  • Most elementary method of forming concepts
  • Only note similarities
  • Children’s early concepts based on prototypes
40
Q

Propositions

A
  • Not psychologically equivalent - even if logically so
  • Can influence decisions
  • 60% survival rate versus 40% fatal outcome
41
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A
  • Reason from general principles to a conclusion
  • Useful process in forming hypotheses

General principles assumed universally —> asset ‘fit’ to specific instance —> conclusion regarding individual case

42
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

• Start with specific facts and try to develop a general
principle

Factual info -> evaluate facts -> formulate general principle

43
Q

Emotions and framing

A

The same info can be structured in a diff way

44
Q

Stumbling blocks in reasoning

A
  • distraction by irrelevant info
  • belief bias
  • emotions and framing
45
Q

Fair stages of problem solving

A

1) interpret (frame) and understand problem
2) generate hypothesis or possible solutions
3) test solution, seeking to disconfirm one or more of them
4) evaluate results, if needed revise 1,2,3

46
Q

Framing a problem

A
  • Mental representation

* Optimal framing = better chance for solutions

47
Q

Generating Solutions when understanding a problem

A

• Which procedures and explanations will be
considered • Which solutions are consistent with observable
evidence

48
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in
the past

• Fixated with an approach if it has been successful in
past

49
Q

Algorithms

A

• Formulas or procedures that automatically generate
correct solutions

• E.g. mathematical and chemical formulas

50
Q

Heuristic

A

• General problem-solving strategies we apply to
certain situations

  • Mental short cuts • E.g. means-ends analysis
51
Q

Subgoal analysis

A

break it down to uptainable steps in order to reach the goal

52
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A 
• What does it look like / seem like / represent?
• How closely something fits  prototype for a particular
Uncertainty, Heuristics, and Decision Making
concept 
• Used to determine class membership
53
Q

Availability Heuristic

And the problem with it

A

• Judgments & decisions are based on availability of
information in memory

• Problem - just because information is in the
‘forefront’ of our memories does not mean it
frequently happens

54
Q

Functional Fixedness

A
  • Fixed in perception of proper function an object

* Blinded to new ways to use object

55
Q

Incubation

A
  • Creative solutions pop into mind

* Different perspectives may have emerged, sets,biases dissolve

56
Q

Example of mental imagery

A

Mental rotation

57
Q

Mental imagery a perception

A
  • spatial representation

- visual scanning task

58
Q

Metacomprehension

A

•Accuracy in judging what you do and don’t know

59
Q

Metamemory

A

• Awareness and knowledge of memory abilities

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions