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Psychology 105 > Chapter 16 - pyschological disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - pyschological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “Abnormal”?

A
  1. The personal values of a given diagnostician
  2. expectations of the culture
  3. Ppls in that cultures expectations
  4. General assumptions about human nature
  5. Statistical deviation from the norm
  6. Harmfulness, suffering, and impairment
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2
Q

Social Construct 3 D’s is what’s abnormal :

A
  • Distressing to self or others
  • Dysfunctional for person or society
  • Deviant: violates social norms
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3
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Physiologically caused problems of consciousness, identity (amnesia and multiple personalities)

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4
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Begin at childhood like autism or ADHD

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5
Q

Demenological View

A
  • Abnormal behaviour = result of supernatural forces
  • Possessed by a spirit
  • Treatment: Trephination -‘hole in the skull’
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6
Q

Early biological views of mental illness

A

• Mental illnesses are diseases like physical illness that effect the brain

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7
Q

Vulnerability-Stress Model

• Aka The Diathesis-Stress Model

A

• Each of us has some degree (range) of vulnerability for developing a disorder, given sufficient stress

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8
Q

Vulnerability factors

A
  • genetics
  • biological characteristics
  • psychological traits
  • maladaptive learning
  • low social support
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9
Q

Reliability

A

• Means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions.

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10
Q

Validity

A

• Means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

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11
Q

DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches

A

The DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches

  • Detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis
  • Five axes / dimensions
  • Assess both person & life situation
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12
Q

Dimensions / axis of DSM-5

A
  • Axis I: Clinical Symptoms
  • Axis II: Developmental & Personality Disorders
  • Axis III: Physical Conditions
  • Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors
  • Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning
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13
Q

Axis I: Clinical Symptoms

A

• Diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)

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14
Q

Axis II: Developmental & Personality Disorders

A

• E.g., autism, intellectual disabilities (typically first evident in childhood )
• Personality disorders
• Long lasting & encompass way of interacting with the world
- E.g., Paranoid, Antisocial, Borderline Personality Disorders

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15
Q

Axis III: Physical Conditions

A

• E.g., brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness

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16
Q

Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors

A

• E.g., death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, marriage

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17
Q

Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning

A

• Level of functioning both at present time & highest level within previous year

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18
Q

• 6 basic dimensions of disordered personality functioning

A
  • Negative Emotionality (anxiety/depression)
  • Schizotypy (odd thinking and behaviour)
  • Disinhibition (impulsiveness)
  • Introversion (intimacy / social avoidance)
  • Antagonism (manipulation / aggressive)
  • Compulsivity (perfectionist)

(are rated by clinicians to define a set of six personality disorders.)

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19
Q

Borderline type would have what kind of dimension high?

A
  • Negative emotionality
  • schizotypy
  • disinhibition
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20
Q

Antisocial/ psychopathic type would score high in what dimensions ?

A
  • disinhibition

- antagonism

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21
Q

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling

• Social & Personal

A
  • Becomes too easy to accept label as description of the individual
  • May accept the new identity implied by the label
  • May develop the expected role and outlook
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22
Q

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling

• Legal Consequences

A
  • Involuntary commitment too mental institutions
  • Loss of civil rights (against will)
  • Indefinite detainment
  • Competency
  • State of mind at time of a judicial hearing • Insanity
  • State of mind at time crime was committed
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23
Q

Anxiety disorders

A
  • Frequency & intensity of responses are out of proportion to situations
  • Interferes with daily life
  • E.g., Phobias, anxiety disorder, OCD
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24
Q

Components of Anxiety responses

A
  • emotional symptoms (tension and apprehension)
  • cognitive symptoms (worry, lack of efficacy)
  • physiological symptoms
  • behavioural symptoms
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25
Q

Phobic Disorder

A
  • Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations

* Most develop during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood

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26
Q

Do phobias go away with time?

A

No they intensity

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27
Q

What does the degree of the phobia depend on

A

Depends on how often condition is encountered

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28
Q

Common phobias

A
  • Agoraphobia : Fear of open spaces, public places
  • Social phobias: Fear of certain situations
  • Specific phobias: Fear of specific objects such as animals or situations
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29
Q

Phobias can develop at

A

Any point in the lifespan

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30
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

•State of diffuse, ‘free-floating’ anxiety • Not tied to specific situation; condition
- Feeling of something is going to happen

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31
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense
  • May occur with or without agoraphobia
  • Fear of future attacks
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32
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

• Obsessions = cognitive component
- Repetitive thoughts

• Compulsions = behavioural component
- Repetitive behaviours

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33
Q

Neuroscience of OCD models

A
  • Executive dysfunction model

* Modulatory control model

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34
Q

Executive dysfunction model

A
  • Problem with impulse control and behavioural inhibition

* Involvement of prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus

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35
Q

Modulatory control model

A

• Dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex and associated areas

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36
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD

• Biological Factors

A
  • Genetics
  • MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
  • GABA
  • Low levels may cause highly reactive nervous systems
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37
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD

• Gender Differences

A
  • Females show more anxiety disorders than males
  • Differences emerge as early as seven years old

Possible explanations
• Sex-linked biological disposition
• Less power & personal control for women

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38
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD
• Psychological Factors

• Psychodynamic Explanations

A

• Neurotic Anxiety: Unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm ego’s defenses

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39
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD
• Psychological Factors

• Cognitive Explanations

A
  • Maladaptive thoughts & beliefs

* Things appraised ‘catastrophically’

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40
Q

Panic attacks depict a process in which

A

normal manifestations of anxiety are appraised catastrophically, ultimately resulting in a full-blown panic attack

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41
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD

• Learning Explanations

A
  • Classical conditioning: Associating an object or situation with pain /trauma
  • Modeling: Learning by watching others
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42
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD

• Sociocultural Factors

A

• Cultures values
•Some disorders are ‘culturally bound’
- Fear of offending someone; fear of being fat

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43
Q

• Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • fear of being fat
  • restrict food intake
  • life-threatening disorder (mostly females)
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44
Q

• Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • binge and purge

- mostly females

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45
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

• Environmental, psychological, biological

A

• Common in industrialized cultures (beauty equated with thinness)

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46
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

• Objectification theory

A

•Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as object

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47
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

• Personality factors

A
  • Anorexics - Abnormally high achievement standards

* Bulimics - Depressed, anxious

48
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

• Genetics

A

• Higher concordance rate among identical twins

49
Q

Mood (Affective) Disorders

A
  • Depression
  • Major depression
  • Dysthymia
50
Q

Depression

A

• Clinical depression = frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation

51
Q

Major depression

A

• Unable to function effectively in life

52
Q

Dysthymia (chronic depression disorder)

A

• Chronic disruption of mood, long lasting

53
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

• Depression alternates with mania

Manic state
• Euphoric mood, grandiose cognitions
• Rapid speech

54
Q

Unipolar disorder

A

Just depression, no mania

55
Q

gender difference for bipolar disorder

A

NONE

56
Q

Gender differences for unipolar depression

A

Women twice likely to suffer form it

57
Q
  • Biological Factors

* Depression

A

• Genetic factors
• Biochemical differences
• Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine,
serotonin

58
Q

Biological Explanations

• Bipolar disorder

A
  • Stronger genetic component than unipolar depression
  • 50% have relative with disorder
  • Concordance rate is 5 times higher among identical twins compared to fraternal twins
  • Manic disorders - overactivity of neurotransmitters?
59
Q

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders

• Psychodynamic View

A

• Early traumatic losses / rejections create vulnerability

60
Q

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders

• Humanistic View

A
  • Define self-worth in terms of individual attainment
  • React more strongly to failures; due to inadequacies
  • Experience of meaninglessness
61
Q

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders

Cognitive Processes

A
  • Depressive Cognitive Triad
  • Cannot suppress negative thoughts
  • Depressive Attributional Pattern
  • Learned Helplessness theory
62
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A
  • Negative thoughts uncontrollable:
  • The world
  • Oneself
  • The future pops into mind constantly
63
Q

Cannot suppress negative thoughts

A

• Recall more failures vs. successes

64
Q

Depressive Attributional Pattern

A
  • Success = factors outside self

* Negative outcomes = personal factors

65
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

•People expect bad events will occur and they can’t cope with them

66
Q

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders

Learning & Environmental Factors

A
  • Learning

- Environmental

67
Q

Environmental causal factors of mood disorders

A 
• Poor parenting
• Many stressful experiences
• Failure to develop good
coping skills 
• Failure to develop positive
self-concept
68
Q

Learning causal factors for mood disorders

A
  • Loss of reinforcement
  • Depression occurs
  • Causes loss of social support
  • Deeper depression
69
Q

Sociocultural Factors in mood disorders

• Cultural Variation

A

• Prevalence of depressive disorders
- Less in Hong Kong & Taiwan than in the West

• Feelings of guilt & inadequacy
- Highest in North America & Western Europe

• Gender difference not found in developing countries

70
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

• No known biological cause

  • Hypochondriasis
  • Pain disorder
  • Conversion disorder
71
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

• Unduly alarmed and convinces they have serious illness

72
Q

Pain disorder (illness anxiety disorder)

A

• pain is out of proportion with no physical cause

73
Q

Conversion disorder

A

• Sudden neurological problems

74
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A
  • Psychogenic amnesia
  • Psychogenic fugue
  • Dissociative identity disorder
75
Q

Psychogenic amnesia

A

• Selective memory loss following trauma

76
Q

Psychogenic fugue

A

• Loss of all personal identity, establishes new identity

77
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

• 2 or more separate personalities

78
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

• Each identity is unique

79
Q

What Causes Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

• Trauma-dissociation Theory

80
Q

Trauma-dissociation Theory

A

DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood

81
Q

Schizophrenia

A

•Schizophrenia = ‘split-mind’

- split mind: disconnected emotions and thought patterns

82
Q

Characteristics of Schizophrenia

A

• Severe disturbances in

  • Thinking
  • Delusions = false beliefs • Speech

• Disorganized; strange words

83
Q

Schizophrenia

• Perception and Emotion

A
  • Perception: Hallucinations = false perceptions

* Emotion: Blunted affect; inappropriate affect

84
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes

A
  • Paranoid
  • Disorganized
  • Catatonic
  • Undifferentiated
  • Type I
  • Type II
85
Q

Paranoid subtype

A

• Delusions of persecution; significant

86
Q

Disorganized subtype

A

• Confusion; incoherence

87
Q

Catatonic subtype

A

• Severe motor disturbances, freeze in positions

88
Q

Undifferentiated subtype

A

• Not easily classified as one of above

89
Q

Type I schizophrenia

A
  • Predominance of positive symptoms
  • Pathological extremes
  • Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech & thought
90
Q

Type II schizophrenia

A
  • Predominance of negative symptoms
  • Absence of normal reactions
  • Lack of emotion, expression, motivation
91
Q

Negative symptoms

A

• Long history of poor functioning
• Poor recovery
- lack emotional expression, loss of motivation, absence of normal speech

92
Q

Positive symptoms

A

• History of good functioning; better prognosis

  • Delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech and thinking.
93
Q

Brains in schizophrenia

A

• Neurodegenerative Hypothesis:
- Atrophy & Destruction of neural tissue

  • abnormal thalamus (negative symptoms)
94
Q

Schizophrenia: Biochemical Factors • Dopamine hypothesis

A
  • Overactivity of dopamine system
  • Regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning
  • Antipsychotic drugs used for schizophrenia reduce dopamine activity
95
Q

Schizophrenia: Psychological Factors • Freud

A
  • Extreme use of defence mechanism regression (retreat to an earlier, more secure stage in life)
  • Not generally accepted but life stress is a factor
96
Q

Schizophrenia: Psychological Factors

• Cognitive

A

• Defect in ability to filter

97
Q

Schizophrenia: Environmental Factors

A
  • Stressful life events
  • Family dynamics
  • Vulnerability factor & negative reactions from others

High in expressed emotion
• High levels of criticism
• High levels of hostility
•Overinvolvement in person’s life

98
Q

Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors

A
  • Social Causation Hypothesis

* Social Drift Hypothesis

99
Q

Social Causation Hypothesis

A

• Higher levels of stress among low-income

100
Q

Social Drift Hypothesis

A

• As functioning deteriorates- drift down socio-economic ladder

101
Q

Personality disorders

A

• Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

102
Q

Six personality disorders in the DSM-5.

A
  1. Anti-Social Personality Disorder
  2. Narcissistic personality disorder
  3. Borderline personality disorder
  4. Avoidant personality disorder
  5. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
  6. Schizotypal personality disorder
103
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

• most destructive to society
• shows little anxiety or guilt
• impulsive
• cant delay gratification of their needs
• Actual antisocial behaviour occurs in only a
portion of psychopathic individuals

104
Q

Causal Factors for antisocial personality disorder

• Biological factors

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Dysfunction in brain structures that govern self-control and emotional arousal?
  • MRI - differences in prefrontal lobes
  • Weaker limbic input to frontal cortex
105
Q

Causal Factors for antisocial personality disorder

• Psychodynamic view

A

Lack of a superego

106
Q

Causal Factors for antisocial personality disorder

• Learning explanations

A
  • No conditioned fear responses when punished
  • Modeling of aggression
  • Inattention to children’s needs
  • Exposure to deviant peers
107
Q

Causal Factors for antisocial personality disorder

• Cognitive

A

• Consistent failure to think about or anticipate long- term negative consequences of acts

108
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A
  • Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity
  • Emotional dysregulation: Inability to control negative emotions
  • Intense and unstable personal relationships: Anger, loneliness, emptiness
  • Impulsive behaviour: Running away, promiscuit
109
Q

Causal Factors for BPD
• Chaotic personal histories

• Treated malevolently

A
  • View others as less than helpful

* Parents – abusive, rejecting, non-affirming

110
Q

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A

• Attentional difficulties
• Hyperactivity-impulsivity
• 7-10% of North American children
• Genetic predispositions
• Brain scans = no consistent differences with normals
• Why? Multifaceted disorder and interplay of
environmental factors

111
Q

Autistic Spectrum Disorder

A
  • Extreme unresponsiveness to others
  • Poor communication skills
  • Lack of social responsiveness
  • Repetitive and stereotyped behaviours
  • Some exhibit savant abilities
112
Q

Childhood Disorders: Causal Factors

• Biological basis

A
  • Brains – larger by 5-10% (age 18 months – 4 yrs)

* Abnormal development in cerebellum

113
Q

Childhood Disorders: Causal Factors

• Genetic factors

A
  • May be 4-6 major genes
  • 20-30 others involved
  • No scientific evidence of link to vaccines
114
Q

Dementia in Old Age

A

• Gradual loss of cognitive abilities

• Accompanies brain deterioration
- E.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases

115
Q

Senile Dementia

A
  • Dementia that begins after age 65
  • 2:1 female-male ratio
  • Onset is typically gradual
116
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • 60% of dementias
  • Deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes
  • Plaques in brain
  • Destruction of acetylcholine

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

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