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Psychology 105 > Chapter 15 - Stress, health, and coping > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Stress, health, and coping Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress can be viewed in three different ways:

A
  • stimulus
  • response
  • as an organism-environment interaction (transaction)
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2
Q

Microstressors

A

Daily hassles

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3
Q

Catastrophic events

A
  • Occur unexpectedly

* Affect large #’s of people

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4
Q

Major Negative Events

A

• Intensely stressful life events

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5
Q

Stressor types

A
  • microstressors
  • catastrophic events
  • major negative events
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6
Q

Life Events Scale

A
  • Quantify stress over a given period of time
  • Indicate whether a particular event occurred
  • Appraisal of being positive or negative
  • Indicate amount of control, predictability
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7
Q

The Stress Response

A
  1. Primary appraisal = demands of situation
    • What do I have to do?
  2. Secondary appraisal = resources available to cope
    • How can I cope?
  3. Judgments of consequences of situation
    •What are the ‘costs’ to me?
  4. Personal meaning - what does the outcome imply
    • What does this say about my beliefs in myself? World?
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8
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome = GAS

A
  • Physiological reaction to prolonged stress

* Three Phases

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9
Q

Three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome = GAS

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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10
Q

Alarm - 1st phase -similar to ‘fight or flight’

A
  • Activates sympathetic nervous system
  • Release stress hormones = Cortisol
    • Triggers increase in blood sugars
    • Suppresses immune system
  • Cannot last indefinitely
    • Parasympathetic system tries to restore homeostasis
    • If stressor persists - so does response!
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11
Q

Resistance – 2nd phase

A
  • Continued recruitment of resources
  • Can last long time, but resources being depleted
  • Eventually are no longer sufficient
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12
Q

Exhaustion – 3rd phase

A
  • Resources depleted
  • Increased vulnerability to disease
  • Can manifest itself with cardiovascular problems; immune system difficulties
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13
Q

Effects of stress on psychological well-being most dramatic in those who have experienced

A

catastrophic life events

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14
Q

More negative life events = more

A

psychological distress

• But, correlational so cannot determine causality

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15
Q

Neuroticism - personality trait

A

increased tendency to:
• experience negative emotions
• get themselves into stressful situations through their maladaptive behaviours

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16
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A
  • Severe anxiety, physiological arousal (the stress response), and distress
  • Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event(s) in flashbacks, dreams, and fantasies

• Emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli
associated with the trauma

•intense “survivor guilt” sometimes

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17
Q

The Residential School Syndrome

A
  • Individuals symptoms include recurrent intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks
  • Increased risk of alcohol and drug abuse at young age
  • Emotional detachment, relationship difficulties
  • Loss of and avoidance of culture, and anger issues
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18
Q

Stress linked with increase in

A

chronic conditions

  • Arthritis, bronchitis, emphysema
  • Stress can be precursor to health problems
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19
Q

Other consequences of stress

A

• Decrease immune function
• Demonstrated to occur within 24 hours
• Worsen pre-existing conditions
• Stress hormones contribute to blocked arteries
• Deterioration of hippocampus and memory
impairment

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20
Q

Vulnerability Factors

A

• Increase susceptibility to stress

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21
Q

What Reduces Resistance?

A
  • Lack of support network
  • Poor coping skills
  • Pessimism
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22
Q

Protective Factors against stress

A

• Social support, coping skills,optimism

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23
Q

Social Support

A
  • Blunts impact of stress
  • Sense of identity, meaning
  • May prevent maladaptive ways of coping
  • Enhances immune system (cancer patients)
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24
Q

Why do some people suffer psychological and/or physiological distress and others do not?

A

• Hardiness

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25
Q

Hardiness

A

• Commitment - What they do is important

• Control - Control (perceived) over situation
(Strongest)

• Challenge - Situation is a challenge not a threat

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26
Q

Coping Self-Efficacy

A

• Belief we can successfully cope

Increased efficacy from:
• Previous successes
• Observing others
• Social persuasion / encouragement
• Low levels of arousal

• Increase immune system functioning

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27
Q

Optimists have

A
  • Appraisal of being less helpless
  • Better adjustment to negative life events
  • Sense of less helplessness
  • Better health
28
Q

Type A

A
  • High levels of competitiveness and ambition

* Can be aggressive and hostile

29
Q

Type B

A

• More relaxed, agreeable

30
Q

Spiritual beliefs

A

• Can help with effective coping

• Certain religious beliefs can have negative effect on adjustment
- E.g., Being punished; Guilt

31
Q

Which strategy is best for coping with stress ?

A

• Problem focused & Seeking social support

32
Q

Coping strategies

A

1) problem-focused coping
2) emotion-focused coping
3) seeking social support

(Effectiveness depends on situation for each)

33
Q

Problem-focused coping

A
  • planning
  • active coping and problem solving
  • show restraint
  • assertive confrontation
34
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A
  • positive reinterpretation
  • acceptance
  • denial
  • repression
  • escape-avoidance
  • wishful thinking
  • control feelings
35
Q

Seeking social support

A
  • help and guidance
  • emotional support
  • affirmation of worth
  • tangible aid (money)
36
Q

Expressing emotions in an adaptive manner

A

• Long-term positive consequences on health

37
Q

Inability to express negative feelings has costs

A

• Higher likelihood of cancer

38
Q

Research suggests that the impact of disclosure

A

lessens over time

39
Q

Gender Differences in coping methods

A

• Males
- Favour problem-focused approach

• Females
- Favour emotion-focused approach

40
Q

Cultural differences in coping methods

A
  • Problem focused = North Americans & Europeans

* Emotion-focused = Asians & Hispanics

41
Q

Health Psychology

A
  • Recognizes the role that behaviour plays in health maintenance
  • Studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health
42
Q

Health-related behaviours fall into two categories:

A
  • Health-enhancing behaviours

* Health-compromising behaviours

43
Q

Health-enhancing behaviours

A
  • Serve to maintain or increase health

* Exercise, healthy diets, safe sexual practices, regular medical checkups, and breast and testicular self- examination

44
Q

Health-compromising behaviours

A
  • Promote the development of illness

* Smoking, fatty diets, a sedentary lifestyle, and unprotected sexual activity

45
Q

How People Change: The Transtheoretical Model

A

6 Major Stages:
• Precontemplation (no desire to change)
• Contemplation (desire to change)
• Preparation (plans to change, no action yet)
• Action
• Maintenance (avoid relapse)
• Termination (permanent change)

46
Q

Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health

A

Exercise
• Sedentary lifestyle & health problems
- E.g., Heart disease, obesity

47
Q

Benefits of exercise

A

• Aerobic exercise

  • Oxygen better utilized; lower cholesterol levels
  • Moderate levels of exercise produce best results
  • Physical health
  • Longevity
48
Q

Aerobic exercise: sustained

activity

A

• Such as jogging, swimming, and
bicycling

• Elevates heart rate and increases
the body’s need for oxygen

49
Q

Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health

A
  • Behavioural interventions
  • Self-monitoring
  • Reinforcement for successes
  • Exercise
50
Q

Behavioural interventions

A
  • Self-monitoring & self-regulation

* Behavioural self-regulation

51
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Identify roots/causes for behaviour

52
Q

Prevention Programs: AIDS

A 
4 Basic features
• Education 
• Motivation 
• Specific guidelines 
• Support
53
Q

Challenge with AIDS prevention program

A

• Irrational sense of invulnerability among adolescents & young adults

54
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A
  • Goal: Lead person to their own conclusion
  • Process: Question discrepancies between current state & self-image, behaviours
  • Counsellor: Provides guidelines, feedback
55
Q

Aversion therapy

A

Undesired behaviour associated with aversive stimulus (shock)

56
Q

Relaxation and stress management training

A

Help person adapt and deal with stressful situations. (Mindful meditation)

57
Q

Multimodal Treatment Approaches

A

• Combination of techniques

Can include:
• Biological measures 
• Learning techniques 
• Stress management 
• Coping skills 
• Counselling
58
Q

Relapse =

A

return to undesirable behaviour

59
Q

Lapse =

A

‘one-time’ slip

60
Q

Increased self efficacy decreases the chances of a

A

Relapse

61
Q

What causes relapse?

A
  • Insufficient coping skills
  • Lack of self-efficacy
  • Expected positive benefits from substance
62
Q

Abstinence violation effect

A

• Self-blame & guilt reinforce sense of helplessness

63
Q

Harm Reduction Approaches to Prevention

A
  • Significant positive effects

* Seen with brief interventions on binge drinking

64
Q

Harm Reduction

A
  • Goal is not to eliminate behaviour but to reduce harmful effects
  • Methadone, reduction of binge drinking, needle exchange programs
65
Q

Positive psychology

A
  • Uses the scientific method and the research tools that psychologists have developed to study human behaviour
  • Focus on positive experience and well-being
  • Does not mean that psychology should ignore negative experience and illness

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

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