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Psychology 105 > Chapter 14 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

• Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations

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2
Q

Personality components

A

• Identity - you are like no one else
• Internal Causes -it’s inside you, not in the environment
• Organized -the pattern ‘fits together’, has
meaning

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3
Q

Things that attribute to personality

A
  • components of indentity
  • perceived internal cause
  • perceived organization and strucure
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4
Q

Psychodynamic theorists look for the causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of

A

inner forces that often conflict with one another

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5
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Unconscious part of mind
  • Powerful influence on behaviour
  • E.g., conversion hysteria
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6
Q

Psychic energy

A
  • Generated by instinctual drives

* Discharged directly or indirectly

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7
Q

Mental events

A
  • Conscious: aware
  • Preconscious: unaware but can be recalled
  • Unconscious: wishes, impulses, etc. we are unaware of
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8
Q

The Id

A
  • Exists totally within the unconscious mind
  • It is the innermost core of the personality
  • The only structure present at birth
  • The source of all psychic energy
  • No direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner
  • pleasure principle
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9
Q

Pleasure principle

A

• Seeks immediate gratification or release
• Regardless of rational considerations and
environmental realities

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10
Q

The Ego

A
  • Functions primarily at a conscious level
  • Functions to keep impulses of id in control
  • Delays gratification
  • Imparts self-control
  • It operates according to the reality principle (tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses & satisfy its needs)
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11
Q

The Superego

A

• The last personality structure to develop
• The moral arm of the personality
• Controls impulses of id with external control • According to Freud, the superego developed by the age of four or five
- operates according to moralistic goals

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12
Q

Ego cannot always control id = conflict

In the form of

A

• Anxiety when impulses of id threaten to get out of control

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13
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  • repression
  • denial
  • displacement
  • intellectualizaiton
  • projection
  • rationalization
  • reaction formation (psychic E release in exaggerated expression of opposite behaviour)
  • sublimation
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14
Q

Psychosexual Development

Series of stages:

A
  • Focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body

* Adult personality is function of progressing through theses stages, if not could cause fixation

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15
Q

Fixation

A

• Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area

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16
Q

Research on Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Difficult to test: genuine results? Or lies
  • Unconscious processes: Nonconscious processes have been demonstrated

Psychosexual stages:
• Concept of childhood sexuality rejected
• Issue = importance of early experiences & emotional attachment

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17
Q

Neoanalytic Approaches

• Adler

A
  • Motivated by social interest
  • Place social welfare above personal interests
  • Striving for superiority
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18
Q

• Motivated by social interest

A
  • Place social welfare above personal interests

* Striving for superiority

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19
Q

Object relation theorists

A

• Focus = mental representations people form of themselves
•Become ‘working models’ to interpret social
interactions
• Can generate self-fulfilling prophecies

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20
Q

Object relation theorist can effect what’s

A

Attachment style in adult relationships

Secure vs avoidant vs anxious-ambivalent

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21
Q

Neoanalysts were psychoanalysts who

A

disagreed with certain aspects of Freud’s thinking and developed their own theories.

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22
Q

Humanistic Approach

• Reaction to Freud

A

• Emphasis on role of conscious, creative potential, self-actualization

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23
Q

Motivations for behaviours

Maslow & Rogers

A

• Innate tendency towards self - actualization

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24
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

• Considered self-actualization to be the ultimate human need and the highest expression of human nature

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25
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

•Kelly’s primary interest was how people construct reality

  • personal contructs
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26
Q

Personal constructs

A
  • Are cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
  • The primary basis for individual differences in personality
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27
Q

Carl Rogers Self Theory

A
  • Central concept = self-concept
  • Organized , consistent set of perceptions & beliefs about oneself
  • Once established - tendency to maintain it
  • self consistency
  • congruence
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28
Q

Self-consistency

A

•Consistency among ‘self-perceptions’

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29
Q

Congruence

A

• Consistency between self perceptions & experience

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30
Q

Psychological Adjustment

A
  • Level of adjustment: Degree of congruence between self-concept & experience
  • Maladjustment: Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self- concept
  • Healthy adjustment: Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept
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31
Q

High Self-esteem

A
  • Fewer interpersonal problems
  • More capable of forming loving relationships
  • Achieve at higher level
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32
Q

Poor Self-esteem

A

• Anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement

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33
Q

Unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem

A
  • More problematic than low self-esteem

* May react aggressively when self-esteem threatened

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34
Q

Pursuit of self-esteem

A
  • Enhanced self-esteem vs. mastery of the goal

* Failure is problematic if goal is enhanced self-esteem

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35
Q

Fostering self-esteem

A
  • Unconditional acceptance and love
  • Clear guidelines for behaviour
  • Reinforcement of compliance
  • Freedom to make decisions and express opinions within guidelines
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36
Q

Need for Positive Regard

A

• Innate need for acceptance, sympathy, love

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37
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

• Independent of behaviour

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38
Q

Conditional Positive Regard

A
  • Dependent upon behaviour

* Creates ‘conditions of worth’

39
Q

Positive self-regard

A

• Experience of being understood & valued gives us freedom to grow

40
Q

Lack of unconditional positive regard

A

•Creates ‘conditions of worth’

41
Q

Fully functioning persons

A

• Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner & outer experiences as they are

42
Q

Self-verification

A
  • Motivated to confirm self-concept
  • Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
  • Seek out self-confirming relationships
43
Q

Self-enhancement

A
  • Strong tendency to gain & preserve positive self-image
  • Contributes to psychological well-being
44
Q

Individualistic culture have stronger_________ achievement and collectivist have stronger __________ achievement

A

personal. Social

45
Q

Gender schemas

A

Males
• Achievement, strength, self sufficiency
• Individualistic

  • Females
  • Helpfulness, kindness, self competencies
  • Collectivist
46
Q

Evaluating Humanistic Theories

A
  • Too much reliance on self-reports • Not scientific?
  • How define self-actualization tendency?
  • Contribution to psychotherapy approaches
  • Characteristics of therapist
  • Discrepancies between perceived self & ideal self
47
Q

Factor analysis

A
  • Find correlations among behaviours
  • Reflect basic dimension or trait
  • Each dimension reflects a ‘continuum’ of behaviour
48
Q

Eysenck original theory

• Only 2 dimensions needed

A
  1. Introversion-Extraversion

2. Stability-Instability

49
Q

The Five Factor Model

• Universally found

A
  1. Openness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism

• Variations on factors create diversity in personalities

50
Q

5 Factor Model & Eysenck’s 2 factor Model Good at predicting behaviour

A

across broad range

51
Q

Cattel’s 16 Factors Predict behaviour more

A

specifically

52
Q

Brains of extreme introverts =

A

over-aroused

• Minimize stimulation

53
Q

Brains of extreme extroverts =

A

under-aroused

• Seek to maximize stimulation

54
Q

Stability - instability show differences in

A

autonomic nervous system arousal

55
Q

Novelty seeking

A

• Related to levels of dopamine

56
Q

Traits & Behaviour Show

A

stability & change

57
Q

Traits

• Some, e.g., Introversion-extroversion, emotionality, activity level tend to remain

A

stable over time

58
Q

Certain thought patterns remain stable

A

• E.g., optimism-pessimism

59
Q

Behaviour Shows little

A

stability across situations

60
Q

Predicting behaviour from personality traits?

• Difficult because of 3 factors:

A
  1. Traits interact with other traits
  2. ‘Importance’ of trait influences consistency
  3. Variation in ‘self-monitoring’
61
Q

Self-monitors

A
  • High = attentive to situational cues
  • Low = attentive to internal beliefs
  • Extreme = very differently in different situations
62
Q

Evaluating Trait Approach

• Pros

A

Focused attention on value of identifying & measuring personality dispositions

63
Q

Evaluating Trait Approach

Cons

A
  • ‘Describes’ structure of personality & individual differences
  • Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms
64
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Behaviour not explained by ‘external’ or ‘internal’ factors alone

  • reciprocal determinism
  • social learning and self-efficacy:
    Beliefs about ability to perform task based on intention to set and reach goals
65
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A
  • Individual & behaviour & environment are linked

* Influential pattern of 2-way causal links

66
Q

Reciprocal determine contains

A

Environment, person, behaviour, all interacting

67
Q

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, & Locus of Control

A

• Expectancy & Reinforcement
- Behaviour governed by 2 factors (Rotter)

• Expectancy
- Likelihood of consequences given behaviour

• Reinforcement
- How much we desire or dread consequences

68
Q

Social Cognitive Theories

A

Locus of Control
• Generalized expectancy
• Applies to many aspects of world view

Internal and external

69
Q

Internal locus

A

• Events under personal control

  • Self-determined
  • Seek out information; becoming involved
  • Sense of personal effectiveness
70
Q

External locus

A

• Luck, chance, powerful others

  • Less resistant to social pressures
  • Give into ‘powerful’ others
71
Q

What influences self-efficacy?

A
  • performance experiences (previous succes and failures)
  • observational learning (see behaviour and consequences similar to models)
  • emotional arousal (arousal = enthusiasm)
  • verbal persuasion (encouraging messages revised form others)
72
Q

Self-Efficacy & Goal Setting

• Want to know what to do? Then set:

A
  • Specific & measurable goals
  • Performance not outcome goals
  • Difficult but realistic goals
  • Positive not negative goals
  • Short-range & long-range goals
  • Definite time spans for achievement
73
Q

Consistency Paradox

A

Level of consistency in behaviour is low

74
Q

Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)

A

Interplay between personality characteristics and situation

75
Q

Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories

A
  • Advanced understanding of internal & external factors
  • Puts insights from other perspectives into cognitive- behavioural concepts
  • Explains inconsistency of behaviour as a stable structure which reacts differently to particular situations
76
Q

Personality Assessment through Interviews

A
  • Structured set of standardized questions

* Note other behaviours - appearance, speech patterns etc.

77
Q

Drawbacks to interviews

A
  • Characteristics of interviewer can affect answers

* Dependence on co-operation, honesty of interviewee

78
Q

Behavioural Assessment

A
  • Need explicit coding system
  • Aim is not solely to ‘describe’ behaviour
  • Specific behaviour, frequency, specific situations, under what conditions
  • interjudge reliability
79
Q

Interjudge reliability

A
  • High level of agreement

* among observers

80
Q

Remote behavioural sampling

A
  • Sample behaviour at random times over period of days, weeks etc.
  • Allows for data collection of behaviour that may otherwise not be revealed
81
Q

Personality Scales

A
  • Objective measures

* Use standard questions & agreed upon scoring key

82
Q

Pros and cons to personality scales

A

Advantage:
• Collect large amount of data

Disadvantages:
• Validity of answers (truthfully answered?)
• Validity scales
•Used to detect a ‘pattern’ in responses

83
Q

Personality scales items: 2 ways to develop

A

Rational and empirical

84
Q

Rational

A
  • Based on conception of trait
  • Item seems ‘relevant’ to the trait
  • NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae)
  • Big 5 personality traits
85
Q

Empirical

A
  • Answered by differing groups

* Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory revised = MMPI-2

86
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • 10 clinical scales
  • 3 validity scales
  • Configuration pattern of scales
  • Measure personality deviations
  • Aspects of personality in people who do not display disorders
  • Screening device in industrial, military settings
87
Q

Jeffrey Dahmer’s MMPI

profile

A 
• Convicted mass murderer 
• Reflects his severe psychological disturbance 
• Is consistent with his pattern
of unrestrained and vicious
victimization of others
88
Q

Projective tests

A
  • Presented with ambiguous stimulus
  • Interpretation = ‘projection’ of inner needs, feelings, ways of viewing the world
  • thematic apperception test
  • inkblots
89
Q

Rorschach Inkblots

A

• 10 inkblots
• Categorized according to ‘types’ of objects seen
• Different examiners - different
interpretations?

90
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • Ambiguous illustrations/ photos
  • Asked to ‘tell a story’
  • ‘themes’ are analyzed
91
Q

Personality Theory Provides

A

framework

92
Q

Personality assessment proves

A

‘Tools’

93
Q

Who uses what tools provided by assessments ?

A
  • Psychodynamic = projective techniques
  • Humanistic = self-report measures
  • Social-cognitive = behavioural assessments
  • Biological = physiological measurements
  • Trait theorists = inventories (MMPI, NEO-PI)

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

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